Neuroprotective effect of Bacopa monnieri on beta-amyloid-induced cell death in primary cortical culture
Abstract
Aim of the study Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) is extensively used in traditional Indian medicine as a nerve tonic and thought to improve memory. To examine the neuroprotective effects of Brahmi extract, we tested its protection against the beta-amyloid protein (25-35) and glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultured neurons.Materials and methods Neuroprotective effects were determined by measuring neuronal cell viability following beta-amyloid and glutamate treatment with and without Brahmi extract. Mechanisms of neuroprotection were evaluated by monitoring cellular oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity.Results Our result demonstrated that Brahmi extract protected neurons from beta-amyloid-induced cell death, but not glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. This neuroprotection was possibly due to its ability to suppress cellular acetylcholinesterase activity but not the inhibition of glutamate-mediated toxicity. In addition, culture medium containing Brahmi extract appeared to promote cell survival compared to neuronal cells growing in regular culture medium. Further study showed that Brahmi-treated neurons expressed lower level of reactive oxygen species suggesting that Brahmi restrained intracellular oxidative stress which in turn prolonged the lifespan of the culture neurons. Brahmi extract also exhibited both reducing and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities.Conclusions From this study, the mode of action of neuroprotective effects of Brahmi appeared to be the results of its antioxidant to suppress neuronal oxidative stress and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Therefore, treating patients with Brahmi extract may be an alternative direction for ameliorating neurodegenerative disorders associated with the overwhelming oxidative stress as well as Alzheimer's disease.
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Limpeanchob et al. (2008) showed that ethanol extract of B. monnieri at 100 μg/ml could reduce ROS content of control cells (not stressed).
“Limpeanchob et al. (2008) did show that the ethanol extract of B.monnieri at 100 μg/ml could reduce the ROS content of the control cells (i.e., not stressed).”
From Bacopa monnieri (L.) wettst. Extract protects against glutamate toxicity and increases the longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
Limpeanchob et al. (2008) used at least 10 times higher concentrations of B. monnieri than the present study.
“Limpeanchob et al., (2008) used at least 10 times higher concentrations of B.monnieri”
From Bacopa monnieri (L.) wettst. Extract protects against glutamate toxicity and increases the longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
Previous work by Limpeanchob et al. (2008) found that ethanol extract of B. monnieri did not prevent glutamate toxicity but did protect against effects of amyloid β in primary cortical cells.
“Previous work by Limpeanchob et al., (2008)27 investigated the ethanol extract concerning glutamate-toxicity in primary cortical cells, found that the ethanol extract did not prevent glutamate toxicity, but did protect against the effects of amyloid β.”
From Bacopa monnieri (L.) wettst. Extract protects against glutamate toxicity and increases the longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans (2020) · cites this paper as Limpeanchob et al., (2008)27
The % w/w of bacoside A compounds in the ethanol extract were relatively lower than other studies, but the ratio of compounds was comparable to previous studies.
“While the % w/w of bacoside A compounds in the ethanol exract were relatively lower than other studies the ratio of compounds was comparable to previous studies.27,28”
From Bacopa monnieri (L.) wettst. Extract protects against glutamate toxicity and increases the longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that Bacopa monnieri phytochemicals contain free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities via blockage of lipid peroxidation in various brain areas.
“In fact, research studies conducted in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that these phytochemicals contain free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities via the blockage of lipid peroxidation in various brain areas [57,101].”
From The Multifaceted Role of Neuroprotective Plants in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [57]
A couple of memory-related processes could potentially be modulated by Bacopa monnieri in isolation or in combination with other compounds.
“Although memory is greatly affected by a plethora of factors, such as hormones, cyclic AMP, neurotransmitters, focus, attention, synapse formation, nutrients, and protein transcription, a couple of these processes could potentially be modulated by B. monnieri in isolation or in combination with other compounds as partially shown in these studies [56,57,101,110,111].”
From The Multifaceted Role of Neuroprotective Plants in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [57]
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“monnieri in isolation or in combination with other compounds as partially shown in these studies [56,57,101,110,111].”
BackgroundMalishev, R., Nandi, S., Kolusheva, S., Shaham-Niv, S., Gazit, E., & Jelinek, R. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.06.019 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sushma, Sahu, M. R., Murugan, N. A., & Mondal, A. C. (2024) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202300245 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Limpeanchob, N., Jaipan, S., Rattanakaruna, S., Phrompittayarat, W., & Ingkaninan, K.
- Affiliations
- Naresuan University (TH)
- Corresponding author
- Limpeanchob, Nanteetip
- Venue
- Journal of Ethnopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 112-117
- ISSN
- 0378-8741 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2059013170
- Semantic Scholar
- 4f564267ba850f58a310b74b228b0f59409f2202
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 15.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Ethnopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Naresuan University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants
- Keywords
- Bacopa monnieri, neuroprotection, amyloid-beta, glutamate excitotoxicity, cortical neurons, oxidative stress, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation, Alzheimer's disease, neurodegenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- Acetylcholinesterase, Animals, Antioxidants, Cell Survival, Cells, Cultured, Cerebral Cortex, India, Medicine, Traditional, Neurons, Peptide Fragments, Plant Extracts, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Neuroprotective Agents, Glutamic Acid, Bacopa, Rats
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