Beyond the colour of my skin: how skin colour affects the sense of body-ownership
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Multisensory stimulation has been shown to alter the sense of body-ownership. Given that perceived similarity between one's own body and those of others is crucial for social cognition, we investigated whether multisensory stimulation can lead participants to experience ownership over a hand of different skin colour. Results from two studies using introspective, behavioural and physiological methods show that, following synchronous visuotactile (VT) stimulation, participants can experience body-ownership over hands that seem to belong to a different racial group. Interestingly, a baseline measure of implicit racial bias did not predict whether participants would experience the RHI, but the overall strength of experienced body-ownership seemed to predict the participants' post-illusion implicit racial bias with those who experienced a stronger RHI showing a lower bias. These findings suggest that multisensory experiences can override strict ingroup/outgroup distinctions based on skin colour and point to a key role for sensory processing in social cognition.
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When the different body depicted an outgroup person, acquired ownership did not depend on pre-existing levels of implicit outgroup bias; participants experienced ownership over another's body regardless of their levels of negative implicit attitudes towards the other's social group.
“Furthermore, in the case where the different body depicted an outgroup person, the acquired ownership did not depend on pre-existing levels of implicit outgroup bias; participants experienced ownership over another's body regardless of their levels of negative implicit attitudes towards the other's social group [13].”
From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
In the rubber hand illusion, if the object placed in front of the participant is non-corporeal, is a rubber hand of a different skin tone, or is placed in a spatially incongruent location, the sense of ownership over the object is modulated or not present at all.
“In the rubber hand illusion, if the object placed in front of the participant is non-corporeal (Tsakiris et al., 2010a), is a rubber hand of a different skin tone (Farmer et al., 2012) or is placed in a spatially incongruent location (Bekrater-Bodmann et al., 2012; Cadieux et al., 2011; Costantini and Haggard, 2007; Folegatti et al., 2012; Hohwy and Paton, 2010; Holle et al., 2011; Makin et al., 2”
From The free-energy self: a predictive coding account of self-recognition (2014) · cites this paper as Farmer et al., 2012
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- Authors
- Farmer, H., Tajadura-Jiménez, A., & Tsakiris, M.
- Affiliations
- Royal Holloway University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Farmer, Harry
- ORCID
- Farmer, Harry
- Venue
- Consciousness and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1242-1256
- ISSN
- 1053-8100 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3772504
- OpenAlex
- W2002546451
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 15.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Consciousness and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- body ownership, skin colour, multisensory integration, rubber hand illusion, implicit racial bias, social cognition, multisensory perception
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Image, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Humans, Illusions, Judgment, Male, Ownership, Prejudice, Proprioception, Self Concept, Skin Pigmentation, Visual Perception, Racial Groups, Young Adult
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