Methods to determine intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation during liver disease
Open accessAbstract
Liver disease is often times associated with increased intestinal permeability. A disruption of the gut barrier allows microbial products and viable bacteria to translocate from the intestinal lumen to extraintestinal organs. The majority of the venous blood from the intestinal tract is drained into the portal circulation, which is part of the dual hepatic blood supply. The liver is therefore the first organ in the body to encounter not only absorbed nutrients, but also gut-derived bacteria and pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Chronic exposure to increased levels of PAMPs has been linked to disease progression during early stages and to infectious complications during late stages of liver disease (cirrhosis). It is therefore important to assess and monitor gut barrier dysfunction during hepatic disease. We review methods to assess intestinal barrier disruption and discuss advantages and disadvantages. We will in particular focus on methods that we have used to measure increased intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation in experimental liver disease models.
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The gut may play an indispensable role in the progression of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction, contributing to epithelial cell apoptosis and barrier impairment and promoting bacterial translocation.
“previous reports highlighted that the gut might play an indispensable role in the progression of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction, contributing to epithelial cell apoptosis and barrier impairment and promoting bacterial translocation (Yang et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2015; Rainer et al., 2018; Bajaj et al., 2017).”
From The modulatory effects of gut microbes and metabolites on blood-brain barrier integrity and brain function in sepsis-associated encephalopathy (2023) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2015
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- Authors
- Wang, L., Llorente, C., Hartmann, P., Yang, A.-M., Chen, P., & Schnabl, B.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schnabl, Bernd
- Venue
- Journal of Immunological Methods
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 421
- Pages
- 44-53
- ISSN
- 0022-1759 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4451427
- OpenAlex
- W2040391599
- Cited by
- 257
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 2.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Immunological Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (K08 DK081830, R01 AA020703, U01 AA021856)
- Biomedical Laboratory Research & Development Service (1I01BX002213)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease and Transplantation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation, intestinal barrier dysfunction, liver disease, liver cirrhosis, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, portal circulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Inflammation, Intestinal Absorption, Intestinal Mucosa, Liver Diseases, Biomarkers, Bacterial Translocation, Tight Junctions, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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