Alcohol or gut microbiota: who is the guilty?

Meroni, Marica; Longo, Miriam; Dongiovanni, Paola

doi:10.3390/ijms20184568

Cited by 183Gut microbiota and healthAlcohol Consumption and Health EffectsLiver Disease and Transplantation

Alcohol or gut microbiota: who is the guilty?

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Meroni, Marica, Longo, Miriam, Dongiovanni, Paola·2019·International Journal of Molecular Sciences

DOI 10.3390/ijms20184568PMC PMC6770333

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Abstract

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), a disorder caused by excessive alcohol intake represents a global health care burden. ALD encompasses a broad spectrum of hepatic injuries including asymptomatic steatosis, alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The susceptibility of alcoholic patients to develop ALD is highly variable and its progression to more advanced stages is strongly influenced by several hits (i.e., amount and duration of alcohol abuse). Among them, the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites have been recently identified as paramount in ALD pathophysiology. Ethanol abuse triggers qualitative and quantitative modifications in intestinal flora taxonomic composition, mucosal inflammation, and intestinal barrier derangement. Intestinal hypermeability results in the translocation of viable pathogenic bacteria, Gram-negative microbial products, and pro-inflammatory luminal metabolites into the bloodstream, further corroborating the alcohol-induced liver damage. Thus, the premise of this review is to discuss the beneficial effect of gut microbiota modulation as a novel therapeutic approach in ALD management.

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Alcoholic liver disease is associated with gut microbial dysbiosis.
“Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is associated with gut microbial dysbiosis,113, 114, 115”
From Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function by Microbial Metabolites (2021) · cites this paper as [114]

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Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function by Microbial Metabolites
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BackgroundInfluential
Butyrate ameliorates chronic alcoholic central nervous damage by suppressing microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and modulating the microbiome-gut-brain axis
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“A variety of research has brought attention about the function of the gastrointestinal microbe population in modulating host health and physiology, with roles in regulating the impairment of other distant organs/systems as a reaction to different injuries such as cardiovascular [17], neurological [18], hepatic [19] or…”
Background
Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives
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Alcohol, Inflammation, and Microbiota in Alcoholic Liver Disease
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“, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma [15], being the final-stage liver disease, one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide [16].”
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The Role of Probiotics in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A New Insight into Therapeutic Strategies
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“, Escherichia coli abundance), are able to stimulate hepatic Kupffer cells to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines with similar mechanisms occurring in ALD [10,57].”
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The Anti-Inflammatory and Curative Exponent of Probiotics: A Comprehensive and Authentic Ingredient for the Sustained Functioning of Major Human Organs
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Nutrition and Genetics in NAFLD: The Perfect Binomium
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“Nonetheless, among the plethora of multiple parallel hits, recent evidence has pointed out the role of intestinal dysbiosis, microbial metabolites and enhanced intestinal permeability in the pathophysiology of fatty liver [10,11].”
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Gut microbiota dysbiosis in functional gastrointestinal disorders: Underpinning the symptoms and pathophysiology
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The Gut-liver Axis in Immune Remodeling: New insight into Liver Diseases
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The role of the microbiota in human genetic adaptation
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“Human and bacterial enzymes can convert ethanol to acetaldehyde; variation in the gut microbiota has been associated with alcohol consumption and related diseases (58, 59) (Fig.”
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Extraction, characterization of aloe polysaccharides and the in-depth analysis of its prebiotic effects on mice gut microbiota
Liu, C., Du, P., Guo, Y., Xie, Y., Yu, H., Yao, W., Cheng, Y., & Qian, H. (2021) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117874 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Alcohol-Associated Tissue Injury: Current Views on Pathophysiological Mechanisms
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Genetics Is of the Essence to Face NAFLD
Meroni, M., Longo, M., Tria, G., & Dongiovanni, P. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9101359 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“In addition, among the different actors who play a role in NAFLD pathophysiology, a new point of view is constituted by intestinal dysbiosis, enhanced intestinal permeability and microbial harmful by-products [15,16].”
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Understanding the role of smoking and chronic excess alcohol consumption on reduced caloric intake and the development of sarcopenia
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Impact of drinking alcohol on gut microbiota: recent perspectives on ethanol and alcoholic beverage
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Gut-derived lipopolysaccharide promotes alcoholic hepatosteatosis and subsequent hepatocellular carcinoma by stimulating neutrophil extracellular traps through toll-like receptor 4
Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Chen, S., Wang, J., Yu, S., Li, Y., Xu, M. M., Aboubacar, H., Li, J., Shan, T., et al. (2022) · Clinical and Molecular Hepatology · doi:10.3350/cmh.2022.0039 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Alcohol and its metabolites can injure the intestinal mucosa directly and contribute to intestinal inflammation, which result in an increasing of gut permeability[33].”
From bugs to brain: unravelling the GABA signalling networks in the brain–gut–microbiome axis
Belelli, D., Lambert, J. J., Wan, M. L. Y., Monteiro, A. R., Nutt, D., & Swinny, J. D. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae413 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
In-depth investigation of the mechanisms of Echinacea purpurea polysaccharide mitigating alcoholic liver injury in mice via gut microbiota informatics and liver metabolomics
Jiang, W., Zhu, H., Liu, C., Hu, B., Guo, Y., Cheng, Y., & Qian, H. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.131 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
From intestinal dysbiosis to alcohol-associated liver disease
Mendes, B. G., & Schnabl, B. (2020) · Clinical and Molecular Hepatology · doi:10.3350/cmh.2020.0086 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“LPS stimulates the innate immune response through the binding to TLR4 and its co-receptor cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), activating, in turn, NF-κB and IL-6/STAT3 signaling in Kupffer cells, macrophages, and hepatic stellate cells.(105) TLR4 signaling is required for liver steatosis, inflammation, and a fibroti…”
Background
Roles of the gut microbiota in hepatocellular carcinoma: from the gut dysbiosis to the intratumoral microbiota
Wang, Y., Li, Y., Lin, Y., Cao, C.-Y., Chen, D., Huang, X., Li, C., Xu, H., Lai, H., Chen, H., et al. (2025) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-025-02413-z · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“If pathogens translocate through the intestinal epithelium into the bloodstream, they are mostly blocked by this layer and eliminated by circulating macrophages or engulfed by dendritic cells (DCs) before being transported to mesenteric lymph nodes [50].”
Role of alcohol in pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection
Ganesan, M., Eikenberry, A., Poluektova, L. Y., Kharbanda, K. K., & Osna, N. A. (2020) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v26.i9.883 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Seabuckthorn polysaccharide combined with astragalus polysaccharide ameliorate alcoholic fatty liver by regulating intestinal flora
Liu, J., Kong, L., Shao, M., Sun, C., Li, C., Wang, Y., Chai, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1018557 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“When the content of alcohol dehydrogenase in the body is low, the high concentration of ethanol cannot be metabolized, which will directly cause damage to the intestine and liver, including the bacterial translocation, the injury of intestinal barrier function, increased tissue inflammation, and the production of a la…”
Background
TRPV6 Channel Mediates Alcohol-Induced Gut Barrier Dysfunction and Systemic Response
Meena, A. S., Shukla, P. K., Bell, B., Giorgianni, F., Caires, R., Fernández‐Peña, C., Beranová-Giorgianni, Š., Aihara, E., Montrose, M. H., Chaib, M., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110937 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Thus, endotoxin-mediated inflammatory responses play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated liver disease (Meroni et al., 2019).”
Background
Contribution of a genetic risk score to ethnic differences in fatty liver disease
Kubiliun, M. J., Cohen, J. C., Hobbs, H. H., & Kozlitina, J. (2022) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.15322 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Astragaloside IV ameliorate acute alcohol-induced liver injury in mice via modulating gut microbiota and regulating NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathway
Wu, S., Wen, F., Zhong, X., Du, W., Chen, M., & Wang, J. (2023) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2023.2216942 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“The effect of routine drug treatment for ALD is poor and the side effects are obvious.”
BackgroundInfluential
How Do Microorganisms Influence the Development of Endometriosis? Participation of Genital, Intestinal and Oral Microbiota in Metabolic Regulation and Immunopathogenesis of Endometriosis
Sobstyl, A., Chałupnik, A., Mertowska, P., & Grywalska, E. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241310920 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“A significant number of Gram-negative bacteria are translocated and infiltrated outside the intestinal cavity as a result of the altered composition of the intestinal microbiota induced by endometriosis, which results in the destruction of intestinal tight junctions and the reduction of tight junction protein 2 (ZO-2)…”
Background
Oxidation of fish oil exacerbates alcoholic liver disease by enhancing intestinal dysbiosis in mice
Feng, R., Ma, L., Wang, M., Liu, C., Yang, R., Su, H., Yang, Y., & Wan, J. (2020) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01213-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Protective Mechanism of Edible Food Plants against Alcoholic Liver Disease with Special Mention to Polyphenolic Compounds
Zhao, L., Mehmood, A., Yuan, D., Usman, M. A., Murtaza, M. A., Yaqoob, S., & Wang, C. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051612 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The Pivotal Role of the Gut Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer
Siddiqui, R., Boghossian, A., Alharbi, A. M., Alfahemi, H. H., & Khan, N. A. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11111642 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“With almost 2 billion people consuming alcohol on a daily basis worldwide, alcohol consumption has been listed as the fifth leading risk factor for disability and premature death of individuals between the age range 15 and 49 [42,44].”
Background
Therapeutic advances in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A microbiota-centered view
Chen, H., Huang, H., Li, Y., Xu, H., & Zhou, Y. (2020) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v26.i16.1901 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Regulation of Alcohol and Acetaldehyde Metabolism by a Mixture of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Species in Human
Jung, S., Hwang, J., Park, E.-O., Lee, S., Chung, Y., Chung, M.-J., Lim, S., Lim, T.-J., Ha, Y., Park, B., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13061875 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Similarly, animal studies have also reported a strong association between alcohol consumption and bowel flora composition [21,22].”
Background
The Endless Sources of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Heterogeneity
Bárcena-Varela, M., & Lujambio, A. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13112621 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Patients with NASH [42,43] or cirrhosis [44,45] present gut dysbiosis, and a strong association was found between the host microbiome profile and alcohol intake [46].”
Background
Alcohol use alters the colonic mucosa–associated gut microbiota in humans
Gurwara, S., Dai, A., Ajami, N. J., Graham, D. Y., White, D. L., Chen, L., Jang, A., Chen, E., El‐Serag, H. B., Petrosino, J. F., et al. (2020) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2020.09.004 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Preclinical animal models have shown that alcohol misuse can induce an imbalance of gut microbiota and alcoholic liver diseases [10, 11].”
Background
Hyperinsulinemia Associated Depression
Sarwar, H., Rafiqi, S. I., Ahmad, S., Jinna, S., Khan, S. A., Karim, T., Qureshi, O., Zahid, Z. A., Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., et al. (2022) · Clinical Medicine Insights Endocrinology and Diabetes · doi:10.1177/11795514221090244 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The role of gut microbiota, exosomes, and their interaction in the pathogenesis of ALD
Cheng, Z., Yang, L., & Chu, H. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The gut is identiﬁed as the largest habitat for a diverse array of organisms in human body, such as bacteria, fungi, virus, and archaea [86].”
Gut Microbiota in Metabolic-associated Fatty Liver Disease and in Other Chronic Metabolic Diseases
Hernández-Ceballos, W., Córdova‐Gallardo, J., & Méndez‐Sánchez, N. (2021) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology · doi:10.14218/jcth.2020.00131 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The gut-liver axis perspective: Exploring the protective potential of polysaccharides from Cistanche deserticola against alcoholic liver disease
Wang, H., Yan, J., Wang, K., Liu, Y., Liu, S., Wu, K., Wang, X., Haider, A., Liu, Y., Zhou, Q., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128394 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Lipopolysaccharide, arbiter of the gut–liver axis, modulates hepatic cell pathophysiology in alcoholism
Mak, K. M., & Shekhar, A. C. (2024) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.25562 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…of pathogenic bacteria like Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Enterococcus , and Enterobacteriacea (Addolorato et al., 2020; Albillos et al., 2020; An et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2011; Fairfield & Schnabl, 2021; Grander et al., 2018; Meroni et al., 2019; Mutlu et al., 2012; Raya Tonetti et al., 2024).”
The Role of the Intestinal Microbiota in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Xiang, H., Sun, D., Liu, X., She, Z., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.812610 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“On the one hand, alcohol increases the expression of intestinal inflammatory factors and destroys the intestinal barrier, which is associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and aggravates intestinal dysbiosis (73) (Figure 1).”
Background
Innate Immunity and Alcohol
Kany, S., Janicova, A., & Relja, B. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8111981 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Patients with chronic alcohol overconsumption show lowered counts of protective gastrointestinal bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, or Bacteroidetes, whereby the pathogenic bacterial families such as Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Streptococcaceae were overrepresented [214].”
Background
Mechanisms affecting brain remodeling in depression: do all roads lead to impaired fibrinolysis?
Hoirisch-Clapauch, S. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01264-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Oxidative Stress Parameters in the Liver of Growing Male Rats Receiving Various Alcoholic Beverages
Kołota, A., Głąbska, D., Oczkowski, M., & Gromadzka-Ostrowska, J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12010158 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“As indicated above, some authors have also emphasized that the influence of alcohol on gut microbiota plays an important role in ALD development [15].”
Background
Gut microbiome in alcohol use disorder: Implications for health outcomes and therapeutic strategies-a literature review
Koutromanos, I., Legaki, E., Gazouli, M., Vasilopoulos, E., Kouzoupis, A. V., & Tzavellas, E. (2024) · World Journal of Methodology · doi:10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.88519 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Fucoidan from Apostichopus japonicus ameliorates alcoholic liver disease by regulating gut-liver axis homeostasis
Li, Y., Huan, Y., Qin, W., Yu, X., Chang, Y., Xue, C., & Tang, Q. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132093 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Research Advances in Protective Effects of Ursolic Acid and Oleanolic Acid Against Gastrointestinal Diseases
Shi, Y., Leng, Y., Liu, D., Liu, X., Ren, Y., Zhang, J., & Chen, F. (2021) · The American Journal of Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1142/s0192415x21500191 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Recent insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of chronic liver diseases
Wen, Y., Ma, L., & Ju, C. (2023) · eGastroenterology · doi:10.1136/egastro-2023-100020 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“13 14 Currently, therapies for patients with ALD involve behavioural interventions, reducing inflammation and liver transplantation.”
Gut Microbiome
Jain, V., Alexander, E. C., Burford, C., Verma, A., & Dhawan, A. K. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002973 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“As cirrhosis is a disease end-point in BA, the aforementioned taxa could be relevant for BA, although caution should be taken when extrapolating from studies in alcoholic liver cirrhosis, as alcohol itself impacts the microbiome (28).”
Background
Impact of Sarcopenia and Myosteatosis in Non-Cirrhotic Stages of Liver Diseases: Similarities and Differences across Aetiologies and Possible Therapeutic Strategies
Cespiati, A., Meroni, M., Lombardi, R., Oberti, G., Dongiovanni, P., & Fracanzani, A. L. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10010182 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The dysbiosis and the increase intestinal permeability due to alcohol intake [109,110] lead to an increase in circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels [111].”
Background
The Effects of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors on Neurogenesis
Jiang, M. H., Jang, S. E., & Zeng, L. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12091285 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Different pathological and physiological stimuli can impact the entire neurogenesis process [108].”
Background
Pueraria Extract Ameliorates Alcoholic Liver Disease via the Liver–Gut–Brain Axis: Focus on Restoring the Intestinal Barrier and Inhibiting Alcohol Metabolism
Wu, Q., Li, P., Li, X., Ma, L., Chen, K., & Man, S. (2024) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c05365 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Dietary Ursolic Acid Prevents Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury via Gut–Liver Axis Homeostasis Modulation: The Key Role of Microbiome Manipulation
Yan, X., Ren, X., Liu, X., Wang, Y., Ma, J., Song, R., Wang, X., Dong, Y., Fan, Q., Wei, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02362 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Pomegranate-Derived Exosome-Like Nanovesicles Alleviate Binge Alcohol-Induced Leaky Gut and Liver Injury
Kim, J., Kim, D.-H., Gil, M.-C., Kwon, H., Seo, W., Kim, D., & Cho, Y. (2023) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2023.k.0060 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Alcohol and the Brain–Gut Axis: The Involvement of Microglia and Enteric Glia in the Process of Neuro-Enteric Inflammation
Khan, M. A. S., & Chang, S. L. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12202475 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The increase in the pathogenic microbes causes a leaky gut and disrupts the tight junction in the intestinal epithelium (barrier) that allows intestinal ﬂora and toxins to escape into the blood stream, causing diarrhea and systemic inﬂammation [121,126–128].”
Background
Effect of natural polysaccharides on alcoholic liver disease: A review
Li, S., Zhou, X., Chen, R., Zhang, Q., Sun, Y., & Chen, H. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126317 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Genetics, Immunity and Nutrition Boost the Switching from NASH to HCC
Dongiovanni, P., Meroni, M., Longo, M., Fargion, S. R., & Fracanzani, A. L. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9111524 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“As a consequence of the tight anatomo-functional crosstalk between gut and liver, the gut-liver axis may exert several implications in the development of progressive NAFLD towards HCC [99].”
BackgroundInfluential
Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in the Absence of Systemic Inflammation Fails to Exacerbate Motor Dysfunction and Brain Pathology in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease
Jackson, A., Engen, P. A., Forsyth, C. B., Shaikh, M. W., Naqib, A. D., Wilber, S., Frausto, D. M., Raeisi, S., Green, S. J., Bradaric, B. D., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.882628 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota Modulation: A Viable Strategy to Address Medical Needs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver Transplantation
Xiang, Z., Wu, J., Li, J., Zheng, S., Wei, X., & Xu, X. (2023) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2022.12.012 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effects of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides on chronic diseases by modulating gut microbiota: A review
Li, X., Zhu, R., Liu, Q., Sun, H., Sheng, H., & Zhu, L. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136691 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Effects of Gut Metabolites and Microbiota in Healthy and Marginal Livers Submitted to Surgery
Micó-Carnero, M., Rojano-Alfonso, C., Álvarez‐Mercado, A. I., Gracia‐Sancho, J., Casillas-Ramírez, A., & Peralta, C. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22010044 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In cirrhotic animals, an increase in the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria compared with control mice has been described [30].”
Background
Study on mechanism of action of total flavonoids from Cortex Juglandis Mandshuricae against alcoholic liver disease based on “gut-liver axis”
Liu, H., Meng, W., Zhao, D., Ma, Z., Zhang, W., Chen, Z., Li, Z., & Zhao, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1074286 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Lactobacillus supplementation has been shown to not only reduce endotoxemia, but also to improve intestinal leakage and liver inflammation in ALD patients (Meroni et al., 2019).”
Background
Metabolomics combined with network pharmacology reveals the protective effect of astragaloside IV on alcoholic liver disease
Hao, J., Hu, R., Zhao, J., Li, Y., Li, Q., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2024.156032 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Altered gut microbiota and metabolites profile are associated with reduced bone metabolism in ethanol‐induced osteoporosis
Liu, Z., Xu, X., Shen, Y., Hao, Y., Cui, W., Li, W., Zhang, X., Lv, H., Li, X., Hou, Y., et al. (2022) · Cell Proliferation · doi:10.1111/cpr.13245 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Chronic heavy ethanol consumption leads to gradual damages to multiple systems,(1) which represents one of the most common causes of mortality worldwide.(2) Recent studies have indicated that chronic heavy ethanol consumption can be positively associated with bone impairments and an increased risk for bone fracture.”
Background
Inflammation unleashed: The role of pyroptosis in chronic liver diseases
Zhu, L., Tong, H., Ren, C., Chen, K., Luo, S., Wang, Q., Guo, M., Xu, Y., Hu, M., Fang, J., et al. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113006 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Fucoidan ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury in mice through Parabacteroides distasonis-mediated regulation of the gut-liver axis
Wang, L., Zheng, W., Sun, Y., Ren, X., Yan, C., Song, S., & Ai, C. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135309 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Betaine regulates the gut-liver axis: a therapeutic approach for chronic liver diseases
Perumal, S. K., Arumugam, M. K., Osna, N. A., Rasineni, K., & Kharbanda, K. K. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1478542 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Association between alcohol consumption and oesophageal microbiota in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Rao, W., Lin, Z., Liu, S., Zhang, Z., Xie, Q., Chen, H., Lin, X., Chen, Y., Yang, H., Yu, K., et al. (2021) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-021-02137-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Mutlu [36] observed that daily alcohol administration to rats for 10 weeks led to gut dysbiosis, which may alter the gastrointestinal permeability, thereby exerting a direct deleterious effect on the mucosa [37].”
Background
Acute alcohol consumption increases systemic endotoxin bioactivity for days in healthy volunteers—with reduced intestinal barrier loss in female
Sturm, R., Haag, F., Janicova, A., Xu, B., Vollrath, J. T., Bundkirchen, K., Dunay, I. R., Neunaber, C., Marzi, İ., & Relja, B. (2021) · European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00068-021-01666-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Influence of the gut microbiota on endometriosis: Potential role of chenodeoxycholic acid and its derivatives
Li, Y., Wang, K., Ding, J., Sun, S., Ni, Z., & Yu, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.954684 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…junctions of the intestine and decreases the expression of ZO-2 protein, which further increases the permeability of the intestine (Ni et al., 1989b), resulting in the translocation and infiltration of a large number of Gram-negative bacteria outside the intestinal cavity (Meroni et al., 2019).”
Background
The Impact of Alcohol-Induced Dysbiosis on Diseases and Disorders of the Central Nervous System
Liu, X., Vigorito, M., Huang, W., Khan, M. A. S., & Chang, S. L. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-021-10033-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gut microbiome and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: Current status and potential applications
Guo, G.-J., Yao, F., Lu, W.-P., & Xu, H. (2023) · World Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.4254/wjh.v15.i7.867 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Stress mechanism involved in the progression of alcoholic liver disease and the therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles
Aghara, H., Chadha, P., Zala, D., & Mandal, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1205821 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“In chronic ethanol feeding, gut virome abundance is also disrupted and the concentration of Lactobacillus phages and Propionibacterium phages decrease while Streptococcus and Lactococcus phages are increased and help in the progression of disease severity (120, 121).”
Background
Short-chain fatty acid valerate reduces voluntary alcohol intake in male mice
Bokoliya, S. C., Russell, J. T., Dorsett, Y., Panier, H. A., Singh, V., Daddi, L., Yuan, H., Dedon, L. R., Liu, Z., Zhou, Y., et al. (2024) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-024-01829-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Structural characterization and human gut microbiota fermentation in vitro of a polysaccharide from Fucus vesiculosus
Jia, R., Yang, G., Lai, H., Zheng, Q., Xia, W., & Zhao, M. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133369 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Diet-Regulating Microbiota and Host Immune System in Liver Disease
Eom, J. A., Kwon, G.-H., Kim, N. Y., Park, E. J., Won, S. M., Jeong, J., Ganesan, R., Gupta, H., Gebru, Y. A., Sharma, S., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22126326 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“This induced LPS binds to TLR4 and activates NF-κB in cells, which then activates light chain potentiators, proinflammatory cytokine release, reactive oxygen species production, and oxidative stress [49].”
Background
The roles of lncRNA functions and regulatory mechanisms in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Hong, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, H., Chen, H., Yu, Q., & Cui, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.1051306 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Excess alcohol consumption has been reported to disrupt the gut flora and translocate into the bloodstream, contributing to liver damage (Meroni et al., 2019; Moreno-Gonzalez and Beraza, 2021).”
Background
In Vitro Characterization of Polysaccharides from Fresh Tea Leaves in Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion and Gut Microbiome Fermentation
Zhou, Q., Gao, J., Sun, X., Liang, Y., Ye, M., Liang, D., Ling, C., & Fang, B. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13101561 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…in the TPS and TPS-D1N1 groups (39.77% and 38.10%, respectively) was lower than that in the blank group; this result indicated that exposure to TPSs and TPS-D1N1 can reduce the number of endotoxin-producing Proteus , which has a positive effect on maintaining intestinal barrier health [67].”
ResultInfluential
Prunella vulgaris L. attenuates gut dysbiosis and endotoxin leakage against alcoholic liver disease
Rao, P.-L., Shen, Y., Song, Y., Xu, Y., & Xu, H. (2023) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.117237 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Fecal microbiota transplantation from female donors restores gut permeability and reduces liver injury and inflammation in middle-aged male mice exposed to alcohol
Lamas‐Paz, A., Mesquita, M., Garcia-Lacarte, M., Estévez‐Vázquez, O., Benedé‐Ubieto, R., Gutierrez, A. H., Wu, H., Leal-Lassalle, H., Vaquero, J., Bañares, R., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1393014 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Indole alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in an ACE2 ‐dependent manner
Gao, Y., Chen, Q., Yang, S., Cao, J., Li, F., Li, R., Wu, Z., Wang, Y., & Li, Y. (2024) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202401172rr · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“10,11 The flora metabolites, TMA, 12 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and ethanol, 13,14 can enter the intestine-hepatic circulation through the weak intestinal barrier, thereby accelerating the progression of liver disease.”
Ethanol: striking the cardiovascular system by harming the gut microbiota
da Silva, C. B. P., Elias‐Oliveira, J., McCarthy, C. G., Wenceslau, C. F., Carlos, D., & Tostes, R. C. (2021) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00225.2021 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Identification of gut metabolites associated with Parkinson’s disease using bioinformatic analyses
Yan, J., Feng, X., Zhou, X., Zhao, M., Xiao, H., Li, R., & Shen, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.927625 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Specifically, increased gut permeability due to alcohol abuse leads to elevated levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the portal blood flow that binds to TLR4 and activates NF-κB, subsequently stimulating proinflammatory cytokine release, ROS production, and oxidative stress (Meroni et al., 2019).”
Background
Effect of Ethanol on Exosome Biogenesis: Possible Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications
Sundar, V., & Saraswathi, V. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13020222 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“For example, ethanol-induced alterations in intestinal microflora activity can cause intestinal barrier dysfunction [22,23].”
Porphyromonas gingivalis as a promotor in the development of the alcoholic liver disease via ferroptosis
Yao, C. H., Lu, L., Lan, D., Zhu, X., Li, X., Gao, Y., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, Y., & Qi, S. (2023) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105250 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Investigating human-derived lactic acid bacteria for alcohol resistance
Kang, S., Long, J., Park, M. S., Ji, G. E., Ju, Y., & Ku, S. (2024) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/s12934-024-02375-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“At the same time, alcohol abuse disrupts the gut microbiota and triggers mucosal inflammation and pathogenic attack, further exacerbating the alcohol-induced hepatic injuries [36].”
Background
Alcohol Use and Abuse Conspires With HIV Infection to Aggravate Intestinal Dysbiosis and Increase Microbial Translocation in People Living With HIV: A Review
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Gut Microbiome and Alcohol-associated Liver Disease
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Authors: Meroni, M., Longo, M., & Dongiovanni, P.
Affiliations: University of Milan (IT)
Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (IT)
Corresponding author: Dongiovanni, Paola
ORCID: Meroni, Marica
Longo, Miriam
Dongiovanni, Paola
Venue: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2019-09-14
Volume: 20
Issue: 18
Pages: 4568
ISSN: 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184568
PMC: PMC6770333
OpenAlex: W2973158453
Cited by: 183
References: 141
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 1.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
dx.doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease and Transplantation
Keywords: alcoholic liver disease, gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation, ethanol, alcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, gut-liver axis, microbial metabolites, mucosal inflammation, microbiota-based therapy
MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Fecal Microbiota Transplantation, Alcoholism, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bile Acids and Salts, Diet, Humans, Intestines, Liver, Liver Diseases, Alcoholic, Dietary Supplements, Hepatocytes, Dysbiosis

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