The Devil Lies in the Details: How Variations in Polysaccharide Fine-Structure Impact the Physiology and Evolution of Gut Microbes
Open accessAbstract
The critical importance of gastrointestinal microbes to digestion of dietary fiber in humans and other mammals has been appreciated for decades. Symbiotic microorganisms expand mammalian digestive physiology by providing an armament of diverse polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, which are largely absent in mammalian genomes. By out-sourcing this aspect of digestive physiology to our gut microbes, we maximize our ability to adapt to different carbohydrate nutrients on timescales as short as several hours due to the ability of the gut microbial community to rapidly alter its physiology from meal to meal. Because of their ability to pick up new traits by lateral gene transfer, our gut microbes also enable adaption over time periods as long as centuries and millennia by adjusting their gene content to reflect cultural dietary trends. Despite a vast amount of sequence-based insight into the metabolic potential of gut microbes, the specific mechanisms by which symbiotic gut microorganisms recognize and attack complex carbohydrates remain largely undefined. Here, we review the recent literature on this topic and posit that numerous, subtle variations in polysaccharides diversify the spectrum of available nutrient niches, each of which may be best filled by a subset of microorganisms that possess the corresponding proteins to recognize and degrade different carbohydrates. Understanding these relationships at precise mechanistic levels will be essential to obtain a complete understanding of the forces shaping gut microbial ecology and genomic evolution, as well as devising strategies to intentionally manipulate the composition and physiology of the gut microbial community to improve health.
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Enzymes needed to de-modify, liberate, transport, and metabolize plant polysaccharide monosaccharides are not encoded in the human genome.
“the numerous enzymes that are required to de-modify, liberate, transport and metabolize component monosaccharides are not encoded within the human genome60.”
From Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as [60]
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- Authors
- Martens, E. C., Kelly, A. G., Tauzin, A. S., & Brumer, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Martens, Eric C.
- Brumer, Harry
- Venue
- Journal of Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 426
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 3851-3865
- ISSN
- 0022-2836 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4252772
- OpenAlex
- W2031755183
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 1.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Molecular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM099513, GM099513)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK084214, K01DK084214)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, polysaccharide degradation, dietary fiber digestion, carbohydrate recognition, polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, horizontal gene transfer, microbial adaptation
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Diet, Humans, Polysaccharides, Gastrointestinal Tract, Microbiota
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