Validation of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) in Cantonese-Speaking Chinese Patients
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Unlabelled Acceptance of chronic pain has become an important concept in understanding and predicting that chronic pain sufferers can remain engaged with meaningful aspects of life. Assessment of acceptance has been facilitated by the development of Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ). In this study, we aimed to test the reliability and validity of translated Chinese version of CPAQ to use this important tool in the future management of Hong Kong Chinese patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. Content validity was established by consensus formed among a panel of 5 experts in clinical psychology and pain specialty during the process of forward and backward translations. Test-retest reliability was examined by completing the Chinese CPAQ twice, 2 weeks apart, by 54 patients. A total of 224 Chinese patients with chronic nonmalignant pain attending our cluster multidisciplinary pain clinic were asked to complete a battery of psychometric instruments in Chinese, including an intake form for demographic data, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score (HADS), Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 (SF-36), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ). Analysis results showed that Chinese CPAQ had good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.79) and internal consistency reliability (Cronbach alpha = 0.79). The Chinese CPAQ score was significantly correlated to anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, pain self-efficacy, and physical and psychosocial disability. Scree plot and Principal Components Factor analysis confirmed the same 2-factor construct as the original English CPAQ. Construct validity of the Chinese CPAQ can therefore be supported. In conclusion, the Chinese CPAQ is a reliable clinical assessment tool with valid construct for acceptance measurement in our heterogeneous Chinese patients sample with chronic nonmalignant pain.Perspective This article confirms the reliability and validity of a Chinese version of the CPAQ. The Chinese CPAQ can then be used by pain clinicians caring for Chinese chronic pain patients worldwide for acceptance-based psychometric assessment as well as therapies.
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The Chinese version of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire has been validated with good test-retest reliability (r=0.79), internal consistency (Cronbach α=.79), and concurrent validity.
“The Chinese version of Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire has been validated with good test-retest reliability (r=0.79), internal consistency (Cronbach α=.79), and concurrent validity [59].”
The average total CPAQ score in this fibromyalgia group (mean 40.9, SD 18.5) was lower than other samples, where the mean is usually around 50.
“In this case, the average total score for CPAQ in this fibromyalgia group (mean 40.9 with SD of 18.5) was lower than other samples, where usually the mean is around 50 [12,13,16,17].”
From Veaselaircdhation of the Spanish version of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) for the assessment of acceptance in fibromyalgia (2010) · cites this paper as [17]
The factor-analysis values are consistent with the original model of McCracken et al. and subsequent studies, providing further support for the two-factor CPAQ.
“These values are consistent with the original model of McCracken et al. [5] and subsequent studies [11,17], providing further support for the two-factor CPAQ.”
From Veaselaircdhation of the Spanish version of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) for the assessment of acceptance in fibromyalgia (2010) · cites this paper as [17]
The CPAQ has been validated in German and Chinese.
“The CPAQ has already been validated in German [16] and Chinese [17]; however, currently, a measure of acceptance of pain is not available in Spanish.”
From Veaselaircdhation of the Spanish version of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) for the assessment of acceptance in fibromyalgia (2010) · cites this paper as [17]
Some of the six constituent processes of psychological flexibility are gaining prominence, especially acceptance and values-based action.
“Some of its six constituent processes of PF, however, are gaining prominence, especially acceptance, 4,10,11,18,26,56,58,69,84,87,97 and values-based action. 55,56,59,67,84”
From The Psychological Flexibility Model: A Basis for Integration and Progress in Psychological Approaches to Chronic Pain Management (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- Ning, M. C., Ming, T. W. C., Mae, J. Y. C., & Ping, C. P.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Ning, Michelle Cheung
- Venue
- The Journal of Pain
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 823-832
- ISSN
- 1526-5900 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1969492173
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2009-08-01)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Keywords
- Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire, chronic pain acceptance, chronic nonmalignant pain, Cantonese translation, psychometric validation, test-retest reliability, construct validity, anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, pain self-efficacy, disability, Chinese patients
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Chronic Disease, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Hong Kong, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain, Pain Measurement, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Reproducibility of Results, Principal Component Analysis, Asian People
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