Cognitive-behavioral therapy increases prefrontal cortex gray matter in patients with chronic pain
Open accessAbstract
Unlabelled Several studies have reported reduced cerebral gray matter (GM) volume or density in chronic pain conditions, but there is limited research on the plasticity of the human cortex in response to psychological interventions. We investigated GM changes after cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in patients with chronic pain. We used voxel-based morphometry to compare anatomic magnetic resonance imaging scans of 13 patients with mixed chronic pain types before and after an 11-week CBT treatment and to 13 healthy control participants. CBT led to significant improvements in clinical measures. Patients did not differ from healthy controls in GM anywhere in the brain. After treatment, patients had increased GM in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal, posterior parietal, subgenual anterior cingulate/orbitofrontal, and sensorimotor cortices, as well as hippocampus, and reduced GM in supplementary motor area. In most of these areas showing GM increases, GM became significantly higher than in controls. Decreased pain catastrophizing was associated with increased GM in the left dorsolateral prefrontal and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices, right posterior parietal cortex, somatosensory cortex, and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex. Although future studies with additional control groups will be needed to determine the specific roles of CBT on GM and brain function, we propose that increased GM in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices reflects greater top-down control over pain and cognitive reappraisal of pain, and that changes in somatosensory cortices reflect alterations in the perception of noxious signals.Perspective An 11-week CBT intervention for coping with chronic pain resulted in increased GM volume in prefrontal and somatosensory brain regions, as well as increased dorsolateral prefrontal volume associated with reduced pain catastrophizing. These results add to mounting evidence that CBT can be a valuable treatment option for chronic pain.
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There was increased functional connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the periaqueductal gray, an opioid-rich brainstem region involved in descending pain modulation.
“Notably there was increased functional connectivity between the DLPFC and the periaqueductal gray – an opioid rich brainstem region involved in descending pain modulation91”
From The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in acute and chronic pain (2017) · cites this paper as [91]
A study of effective pain management with cognitive behavioral training in a mixed chronic pain population reported increased left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex gray matter volume, which correlated with reduction in pain catastrophizing.
“Another study investigating the neural underpinnings of effective pain management with cognitive behavioral training in a mixed chronic pain population reported increased left DLPFC GMV, which correlated with reduction in pain catastrophizing91”
From The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in acute and chronic pain (2017) · cites this paper as [91]
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“In schizophrenia, CBT led to increased DLPFC and frontopolar activation during a working memory task,26 and bilateral DLPFC and ACC activation during amemory task predicted improvement of symptoms following CBT.41 Generalized anxiety disorder patients also had increased VLPFC in response to threat stimuli after CBT.45…”
BackgroundInfluentialKeefe, F. J., Caldwell, D. S., Martinez, S., Nunley, J., Beckham, J. C., & Williams, D. A. (1991) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(91)90070-e · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationWhite matter abnormalities in irritable bowel syndrome and relation to individual factors
Chen, J. Y.-W., Blankstein, U., Diamant, N. E., & Davis, K. D. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.069 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Therapeutic Interactive Voice Response for chronic pain reduction and relapse prevention
Naylor, M. R., Keefe, F. J., Brigidi, B., Naud, S., & Helzer, J. E. (2008) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.11.001 · Cited by 111 · cited 15× · see citing works
“More details about the clinical measures can be found in Naylor et al.54”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPrefrontal influences upon the midbrain: A possible route for pain modulation
Hardy, S. G. P., & Haigler, H. J. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90094-0 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Dissociated Grey Matter Changes with Prolonged Addiction and Extended Abstinence in Cocaine Users
Connolly, C. G., Bell, R. P., Foxe, J. J., & Garavan, H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059645 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Expecting unpleasant stimuli–an fMRI study
Herwig, U., Abler, B., Walter, H., & Erk, S. (2007) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.02.007 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Rogers, W. H., Wittink, H. M., Wagner, A. K., Cynn, D. J., & Carr, D. B. (2000) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1526-4637.2000.99102.x · Cited by 90 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The TOPS provides 3 measures of patients’ functioning and disability: 1) the SF-36 Mental Health Composite, 2) the SF-36 Physical Health Composite, and 3) the TOPS Total Pain Experience scale.(62,63,75)”
MethodMulti-site voxel-based morphometry — Not quite there yet
Focke, N. K., Helms, G., Kaspar, S., Diederich, C., Tóth, V., Dechent, P., Mohr, A., & Paulus, W. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.029 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Abnormal gray matter aging in chronic pain patients
Moayedi, M., Weissman‐Fogel, I., Salomons, T. V., Crawley, A. P., Goldberg, M. B., Freeman, B. V., Tenenbaum, H. C., & Davis, K. D. (2012) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.040 · Cited by 85 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Although the majority of these studies reported decreased GM in patients, some reported increased GM.50 Furthermore, some studies reported relatively few regional differences in GM between patients and controls,12 and at least 1 reported no differences at all.16 In the current study, patients did not have significantl…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe neurobiology of successful abstinence
Garavan, H., Brennan, K., Hester, R., & Whelan, R. (2013) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.029 · Cited by 74 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Such a finding of increase in GM beyond the normal levels of healthy controls has been reported in recovery from addiction,(11) and a recent review of the literature suggests that the increase in PFC GM and functional activity reported in several studies is related to an increase in cognitive control required to maint…”
ResultUsing the “TOPS,” an Outcomes Instrument for Multidisciplinary Outpatient Pain Treatment
Rogers, W. H., Wittink, H. M., Ashburn, M. A., Cynn, D. J., & Carr, D. B. (2000) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1526-4637.2000.99101.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Group treatment for pain and discomfort
Basler, H.-D. (1993) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/0738-3991(93)90130-o · Cited by 43 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Practicing these skills improves coping with pain and often reduces pain in clinical trials.(4,5,35,36,47,51) We hypothesized that prefrontal brain regions involved in the experience and modulation of pain, which have documented structural abnormalities in chronic pain patients, will normalize following CBT and that t…”
BackgroundAutomated telephone as an adjunct for the treatment of chronic pain: a pilot study
Naylor, M. R., Helzer, J. E., Naud, S. J., & Keefe, F. J. (2002) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1054/jpai.2002.129563 · Cited by 43 · cited 1× · see citing works
“An in-depth description of the program has been previously reported.(53,54)”
MethodSelf-citationVariations in Brain Gray Matter Associated with Chronic Pain
Wood, P. B. (2010) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-010-0129-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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The role of psychosocial processes in the development and maintenance of chronic pain
Edwards, R. R., Dworkin, R. H., Sullivan, M. D., Turk, D. C., & Wasan, A. D. (2016) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.01.001 · Cited by 954 · see citing works
“Finally, psychosocial and behavioral interventions that target cognitive processes have been shown to reverse these functional and structural brain changes over the course of just months.(204,205)”
Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Pain Processing
Ong, W., Stohler, C. S., & Herr, D. R. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1130-9 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
“Interestingly, cognitive behavioral therapy has also been found to result in increased graymatter in patient with chronic pain [277].”
BackgroundThe dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in acute and chronic pain
Seminowicz, D. A., & Moayedi, M. (2017) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2017.03.008 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological processing in chronic pain: a neural systems approach
Simons, L. E., Elman, I., & Borsook, D. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.006 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Brain changes associated with cognitive and emotional factors in chronic pain: A systematic review
Malfliet, A., Coppieters, I., Van Wilgen, P., Kregel, J., De Pauw, R., Dolphens, M., & Ickmans, K. (2017) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1003 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
“…and gray matter morphology, resting state functional connectivity, and task-related functional brain activation (Gracely et al., 2004; Lloyd et al., 2008, 2014; Blankstein et al., 2010; Burgmer et al., 2011; Seminowicz et al., 2013; Kucyi et al., 2014; Gupta et al., 2015; Loggia et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialWhen pain gets stuck: the evolution of pain chronification and treatment resistance
Borsook, D., Youssef, A. M., Simons, L., Elman, I., & Eccleston, C. (2018) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001401 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Mayer, E. A., Labus, J. S., Tillisch, K., Cole, S. W., & Baldi, P. (2015) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2015.121 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Malfliet, A., Kregel, J., Coppieters, I., De Pauw, R., Meeus, M., Roussel, N., Cagnie, B., Danneels, L., & Nijs, J. (2018) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0492 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Pediatric Chronic Pain: Biopsychosocial Assessment and Formulation
Liossi, C., & Howard, R. F. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0331 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
The neurobiology of irritable bowel syndrome
Mayer, E. A., Ryu, H. J., & Bhatt, R. R. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-01972-w · Cited by 285 · see citing works
“• Strong negative association between the cortical thickness and gray matter density of the dorsolateral PFC and pain catastrophizing [217, 218].”
BackgroundBrain–gut–microbiome interactions in obesity and food addiction
Gupta, A., Osadchiy, V., & Mayer, E. A. (2020) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-020-0341-5 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Brain circuits for pain and its treatment
Lindsay, N. M., Chen, C., Gilam, G., Mackey, S., & Scherrer, G. (2021) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abj7360 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“13 of 21 associated with pain processing, such as the dlPFC, ACC, and S1, some of which correlated with decreased pain catastrophizing (357).”
BackgroundSynaptic plasticity and mental health: methods, challenges and opportunities
Appelbaum, L. G., Shenasa, M. A., Stolz, L., & Daskalakis, Z. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01370-w · Cited by 240 · see citing works
“Conversely, a study of 13 patients with chronic pain who received CBT showed improved clinical measures as well as increased gray matter in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices as demonstrated through MRI VBM compared to 13 healthy controls [79].”
BackgroundPotential Mechanisms Underlying Centralized Pain and Emerging Therapeutic Interventions
Eller-Smith, O. C., Nicol, A. L., & Christianson, J. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00035 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
“One study found that 11 weeks of CBT in a mixed group of chronic pain patients resulted in significant gray matter differences in sensory, motor, and affective brain areas as measured using voxelbased morphometry (Seminowicz et al., 2013).”
BackgroundPelletier, R., Higgins, J., & Bourbonnais, D. (2015) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-015-0480-y · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“These could include incorporating approaches to present conventional care such as education of neuronal and pain processes [51,197], cognitive based interventions such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy [202,203] and Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction [204,205] which have been associated with changes in pre-frontal and…”
MethodDarnall, B. D., Roy, A., Chen, A. L., Ziadni, M. S., Keane, R. T., You, D. S., Slater, K., Poupore-King, H., Mackey, I., Kao, M.-C., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.13401 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Chronic Pain and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Integrative Review
Knoerl, R., Lavoie Smith, E. M., & Weisberg, J. (2016) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945915615869 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“599 trials suggest that CBT-induced structural changes in the prefrontal cortex may lead to the release of pain-inhibiting neurotransmitters which “gate” or block pain impulse transmission from the spinal cord to the brain (Jensen et al., 2012; Seminowicz et al., 2013) Thus, CBT-mediated descending inhibitory mechanis…”
BackgroundFriedrichsdorf, S. J., Giordano, J. J., Dakoji, K. D., Warmuth, A., Daughtry, C., & Schulz, C. A. (2016) · Children · doi:10.3390/children3040042 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“CBT has been shown to increase grey matter in the prefrontal cortex of patients with chronic pain, and this increase in prefrontal cortical grey matter has been associated with reduced pain catastrophizing [120].”
BackgroundPain Pathways and Nervous System Plasticity: Learning and Memory in Pain
McCarberg, B. H., & Peppin, J. F. (2019) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnz017 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Psychological Interventions for the Treatment of Chronic Pain in Adults
Driscoll, M. A., Edwards, R. R., Becker, W. C., Kaptchuk, T. J., & Kerns, R. D. (2021) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/15291006211008157 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Behavioral and Diet Therapies in Integrated Care for Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Chey, W. D., Keefer, L., Whelan, K., & Gibson, P. R. (2021) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.099 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Fritz, H.-C., McAuley, J. H., Wittfeld, K., Hegenscheid, K., Schmidt, C. O., Langner, S., & Lotze, M. (2015) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.10.003 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Lazaridou, A., Kim, J., Cahalan, C. M., Loggia, M. L., Franceschelli, O., Berna, C., Schur, P. H., Napadow, V., & Edwards, R. R. (2016) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000422 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Despite a recent proliferation of research on CBT for chronic pain, however, there has been very limited investigation of its effects on the central nervous system’s processing of pain-related information in FM (25).”
BackgroundRole of brain imaging in disorders of brain–gut interaction: a Rome Working Team Report
Mayer, E. A., Labus, J., Aziz, Q., Tracey, I., Kilpatrick, L., Elsenbruch, S., Schweinhardt, P., Van Oudenhove, L., & Borsook, D. (2019) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318308 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Simons, L. E., Pielech, M., Erpelding, N., Linnman, C., Moulton, E. A., Sava, S., Lebel, A., Serrano, P. V., Sethna, N. F., Berde, C. B., et al. (2014) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.05.023 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Recent research also has tied pain-evoked increases in prefrontal cortex activation in adults with fibromyalgia [30] and increases in gray matter in prefrontal, parietal, cingulate, sensorimotor, and hippocampal areas in adults with chronic pain [68] after CBT.”
BackgroundCoppieters, I., Meeus, M., Kregel, J., Caeyenberghs, K., Pauw, R. D., Goubert, D., & Cagnie, B. J. (2016) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.04.005 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The Distributed Nociceptive System: A Framework for Understanding Pain
Coghill, R. C. (2020) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.07.004 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“cortex, and posterior parietal cortex in a group of chronic pain patients with pain of different etiologies [76].”
Cognition in the Chronic Pain Experience: Preclinical Insights
Phelps, C. E., Navratilova, E., & Porreca, F. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.01.001 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Wren, A., Ross, A., D’Souza, G., Almgren, C., Feinstein, A., Marshall, A., & Golianu, B. (2019) · Children · doi:10.3390/children6020033 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Of note, in the adult literature, neuroimaging data suggest that cognitive reappraisal of pain, a central CBT strategy for patients with chronic pain, may impact pain experiences through top-down processes resulting in increased prefrontal cortex gray matter [57].”
BackgroundSeminowicz, D. A., Burrowes, S. A. B., Kearson, A., Zhang, J., Krimmel, S. R., Samawi, L., Furman, A. J., Keaser, M. L., Gould, N. F., Magyari, T., et al. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001860 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid treatment-induced brain changes in pediatric CRPS
Erpelding, N., Simons, L., Lebel, A., Serrano, P., Pielech, M., Prabhu, S., Becerra, L., & Borsook, D. (2016) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0957-8 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Related to pain coping mechanisms, a recent study (Seminowicz et al. 2013) showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy in chronic pain resulted in a reduction of pain catastrophizing scores which also coincided with GM increases in somatosensory and PFC regions.”
Pomares, F. B., Funck, T., Feier, N. A., Roy, S., Daigle-Martel, A., Ceko, M., Narayanan, S., Araujo, D., Thiel, A., Stikov, N., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2619-16.2016 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Given the observation that gray matter decreases resolve with pain reduction in osteoarthritis (Rodriguez-Raecke et al., 2009), low back pain (Seminowicz et al., 2013), and posttraumatic headache (Obermann et al., 2009), it appears that neu- rodegeneration does not play a role in these conditions.”
BackgroundGalambos, A., Szabó, E., Nagy, Z., Édes, A. E., Kocsel, N., Juhász, G., & Kökönyei, G. (2019) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s192246 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
At the intersection of alcohol use disorder and chronic pain.
Maleki, N., Tahaney, K. D., Thompson, B., & Oscar‐Berman, M. (2019) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000558 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“response to cognitive behavioral therapy in patients with chronic pain (Seminowicz et al., 2013).”
BackgroundChanges in resting-state brain networks after cognitive–behavioral therapy for chronic pain
Yoshino, A., Okamoto, Y., Okada, G., Takamura, M., Ichikawa, N., Shibasaki, C., Yokoyama, S., Doi, M., Jinnin, R., Yamashita, H., et al. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717002598 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“2015), therefore playing an important role in CBT (Jensen et al. 2012; Seminowicz et al. 2013; Shpaner et al. 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWhite Matter Involvement in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
Lieberman, G., Shpaner, M., Watts, R., Andrews, T. J., Filippi, C. G., Davis, M., & Naylor, M. R. (2014) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2014.08.002 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“These measures fall within ranges that would be expected in a sample of chronic pain patients.(53,54,64) Healthy volunteers did not report current chronic pain and were not depressed (BDI mean = 3.”
Self-citationA brief cognitive-behavioural intervention for pain reduces secondary hyperalgesia
Salomons, T. V., Moayedi, M., Erpelding, N., & Davis, K. D. (2014) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.02.012 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Recent work demonstrates that CBT alters both functional activation [21] and brain structure [35] in regions involved in cognitive modulation and descending control of pain in chronic pain populations, suggesting that plasticity that underlies the observed reductions in central sensitization could be similar to that p…”
Catastrophizing Interferes with Cognitive Modulation of Pain in Women with Fibromyalgia
Ellingson, L. D., Stegner, A. J., Schwabacher, I. J., Lindheimer, J. B., & Cook, D. B. (2018) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pny008 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Chen, J., Wang, X., & Xu, Z. (2023) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s416253 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“matter volume in patients with chronic pain is reversible, and the volume of atrophied gray matter increases after effective treatment and elimination of chronic pain.(42,43) This may indicate that the gray matter atrophy is not caused by neuronal loss, but by other changes in neuronal organization.”
BackgroundShi, H., Yuan, C., Dai, Z., Ma, H., & Sheng, L. (2016) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.06.002 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Papousek, I., Weiss, E., Perchtold, C. M., Weber, H., de Assunção, V. L., Schulter, G., Lackner, H., & Fink, A. (2016) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9537-2 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“In a similar vein, decreased pain catastrophizing after cognitive-behavioral therapy in patients with chronic pain was associated with increased gray matter volume in left lateral prefrontal cortices (Seminowicz et al. 2013).”
BackgroundPain Catastrophizing: How Far Have We Come
Simić, K., Savic, B., & Knežević, N. N. (2024) · Neurology International · doi:10.3390/neurolint16030036 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis by Malfliet et al. (2017) [49] determined that there is a correlation between pain catastrophizing and a decrease in gray matter in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in patients with irritable bowel syndrome [50], as well as in chronic pain syndromes [51].”
BackgroundParvaz, M. A., Rabin, R. A., Adams, F., & Goldstein, R. Z. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109319 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Little, M. W., O’Grady, A., Briggs, J. H., Gibson, M., Speirs, A., Al-Rekabi, A., Yoong, P., Ariyanayagam, T., Davies, N., Tayton, E. R., et al. (2024) · CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00270-024-03752-7 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Altered cognition-related brain activity and interactions with acute pain in migraine
Mathur, V. A., Khan, S. A., Keaser, M. L., Hubbard, C. S., Goyal, M., & Seminowicz, D. A. (2015) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.01.003 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationDarnall, B. D., & Colloca, L. (2018) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.022 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Han, X., Wang, Y., Jiang, W., Bao, X., Sun, Y., Ding, W., Cao, M., Wu, X., Du, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00341 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“In addition, the SMA is included in salience network, which regulates the function of other networks when rapid changes in behavior are required, such as when quickly manipulating the keyboard while playing games (42).”
BackgroundKnoerl, R., Smith, E., Barton, D. L., Williams, D. A., Holden, J. E., Krauss, J. C., & Lavasseur, B. I. (2017) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2017.11.009 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“7) 15 (50) Baseline medications Neuropathic pain medications† 9 (30) 6 (20) Other analgesics‡ 6 (20) 8 (26.”
Device-Based Modulation of Neurocircuits as a Therapeutic for Psychiatric Disorders
Deng, Z., Luber, B. M., Balderston, N. L., Afanador, M. V., Noh, M. M., Thomas, J., Altekruse, W. C., Exley, S. L., Awasthi, S., & Lisanby, S. H. (2020) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023253 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Gray Matter Abnormalities Associated With Chronic Back Pain
Yuan, C., Shi, H., Pan, P., Dai, Z., Zhong, J., Ma, H., & Sheng, L. (2017) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000489 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“patients with other chronic pain types [33, 34]; (2) use of a longitudinal approach without comparison with healthy controls [9, 35]; (3) not reporting whole-brain”
Top-Down Cortical Control of Acute and Chronic Pain
Urien, L., & Wang, J. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000744 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“in patients with a variety of chronic pain conditions, and these changes were associated with a decrease in pain catastrophizing (134).”
BackgroundAbdominal Pain, the Adolescent and Altered Brain Structure and Function
Hubbard, C. S., Becerra, L. R., Heinz, N., Ludwick, A., Rasooly, T., Wu, R., Johnson, A., Schechter, N. L., Borsook, D., & Nurko, S. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156545 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Furthermore, reversal in GMV reductions in the DLPFC following intervention with cognitive behavioral therapy [81] or hip replacement surgery [79] have also been reported and demonstrate the malleability of these morphological changes.”
A systematic review of neural, cognitive, and clinical studies of anger and aggression
Richard, Y., Tazi, N., Frydecka, D., Hamid, M. S., & Moustafa, A. A. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03143-6 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Shiers, S. I., Mwirigi, J. M., Pradhan, G., Kume, M., Black, B., Barragán‐Iglesias, P., Moy, J. K., Dussor, G. O., Pancrazio, J. J., Kroener, S., et al. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0537-y · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Neuroimaging Mechanism of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Pain Management
Bao, S., Qiao, M., Lu, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2022) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2022/6266619 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Henn, A. T., Larsen, B., Frahm, L., Xu, A., Adebimpe, A., Scott, J. C., Linguiti, S., Sharma, V., Basbaum, A. I., Corder, G. F., et al. (2022) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002681 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Structural network differences in chronic muskuloskeletal pain: Beyond fractional anisotropy
Bishop, J. H., Shpaner, M., Kubicki, A., Clements, S., Watts, R., & Naylor, M. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.021 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationPediatric Pain Management in Palliative Care
Downing, J. D., Jassal, S. S., Mathews, L., Brits, H., & Friedrichsdorf, S. J. (2014) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt.14.45 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Neuroplasticity in chronic pain: insights into diagnosis and treatment
Jaffal, S. M. (2025) · The Korean journal of pain · doi:10.3344/kjp.24393 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Meanwhile, it was implicated that CBT and exercise-based interventions restore GMV and normalize functional connectivity, highlighting their role in reversing maladaptive neuro-plasticity [80,81].”
Cortical reorganization in recent-onset tinnitus patients by the Heidelberg Model of Music Therapy
Krick, C. M., Grapp, M., Daneshvar-Talebi, J., Reith, W., Plinkert, P. K., & Bolay, H. V. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00049 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“By conflating specific evidence for structural changes after therapy (Seminowicz et al., 2013) with assumptions about the rapid intervention-induced expansion of GM as general principle of human neural plasticity (Driemeyer et al., 2008; Taubert et al., 2010; Tavor et al., 2013), we hypothesized a…”
BackgroundMalfliet, A., Leysen, L., Pas, R., Kuppens, K., Nijs, J., van Wilgen, P., Huysmans, E., Goudman, L., & Ickmans, K. (2017) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.05.009 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Nascimento, S. S., de Oliveira, L. R., & DeSantana, J. M. (2018) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.06.006 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cottam, W. J., Condon, L. A., Alshuft, H., Reckziegel, D., & Auer, D. P. (2016) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2016.06.022 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“, 2014) and increased grey matter after an 11-week cognitive behavioural therapy intervention (Seminowicz et al., 2013).”
BackgroundTraxler, J., Hanssen, M. M., Lautenbacher, S., Ottawa, F., & Peters, M. L. (2018) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1294 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Previous studies found the BPS manipulation to also increase positive affect (Boselie et al., 2014, 2017; Hanssen et al., 2013; Sheldon & Lyubomirsky, 2006) and therefore the PANAS was used as a second manipulation check in this study.”
MethodPinto, P. R., McIntyre, T., Araújo-Soares, V., Almeida, A., & Costa, P. (2018) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001170 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Increased gray matter in prefrontal and parietal brain regions linked with chronic pain, was also observed after cognitive-behavioral therapy, being associated with a decrease in pain catastrophizing.(95)”
BackgroundPrefrontal Structure Varies as a Function of Pain Symptoms in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
van der Schaaf, M. E., de Lange, F. P., Schmits, I. C., Geurts, D. E. M., Karin Roelofs, A., van der Meer, J. W. M., Toni, I., & Knoop, H. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.07.016 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Global GMV was added as a nuisance regressor in the comparison of DLPFC GMV. Levene’s test revealed that the homogeneity of variance assumption was violated for CIS-fatigue, BDI, Short Form 36, and pain.”
InfluentialCognitive behavioral training reverses the effect of pain exposure on brain network activity
Kucyi, A., Salomons, T. V., & Davis, K. D. (2016) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000592 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Jensen et al. [22] found enhanced pain-evoked vlPFC activation and functional connectivity with the thalamus due to CBT. Seminowicz et al. [42] showed increased gray matter volume following CBT in several regions spanning association (e.g. prefrontal) and sensory (S1/S2) cortices.”
Meeus, M. (2017) · Pain Physician · doi:10.36076/ppj.2017.154 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“The CBT studies found associations with pain coping/management (29), anxiety (32), catastrophizing, and pain control (34).”
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Pain in the joints and beyond; the challenge of rheumatoid arthritis
Taylor, P. C. (2023) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(23)00094-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Nonpharmacological Interventions in Targeting Pain-Related Brain Plasticity
Tajerian, M., & Clark, J. D. (2017) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2017/2038573 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Molecular, circuit, and anatomical changes in the prefrontal cortex in chronic pain
Shiers, S. I., & Price, T. J. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001897 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Advances in targeting central sensitization and brain plasticity in chronic pain
Bazzari, A. H., & Bazzari, F. H. (2022) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-022-00472-y · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“In addition, chronic pain is associated with reduced grey matter volume of the prefrontal cortex [154] while CBT intervention causes increased grey matter volume in various cortical regions, and the volume increase in the prefrontal and somatosensory cortices is associated with reduced catastrophizing [155].”
BackgroundLi, W., Wang, P., & Li, H. (2014) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.038 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of pain, personality, and brain plasticity following peripheral nerve injury
Goswami, R., Anastakis, D. J., Katz, J. D., & Davis, K. D. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000430 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Bunk, S. F., Preis, L., Zuidema, S. U., Lautenbacher, S., & Miriam Kunz, A. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000264 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in the ability to cope with pain (Gracely et al., 2004; Seminowicz & Davis, 2006; Seminowicz et al., 2013).”
BackgroundBrazenor, G. A., Malham, G. M., & Teddy, P. J. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnab319 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Psychological Treatment for Chronic Pain: Improving Access and Integration
Darnall, B. D. (2021) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/15291006211033612 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Fan, X., Fu, S., Liu, F., Cui, S., Yi, M., & Wan, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00085 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation, cognitive-behavioral therapy or other therapies can lead abnormal function of prefrontal cortex to stable or normal state (Fierro et al., 2010; Seminowicz et al., 2013; Boccard et al., 2015), thus relieves the aggravated nociceptive responses in pat…”
BackgroundPain Neuroimaging in Humans: A Primer for Beginners and Non-Imagers
Moayedi, M., Salomons, T. V., & Atlas, L. Y. (2018) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.03.011 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
McCrae, C. S., Mundt, J. M., Curtis, A. F., Craggs, J. G., O’Shea, A. M., Staud, R. M., Berry, R. B., Perlstein, W. M., & Robinson, M. E. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.7344 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“24 In this pilot study, we sought to investigate whether individuals with FM and comorbid insomnia (FMI) showed changes in cortical thickness after receiving cognitive behavioral therapy for pain (CBT-P) or insomnia (CBT-I).”
InfluentialChildhood Trauma, Emotion Regulation, and Pain in Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder
Zaorska, J., Kopera, M., Trucco, E. M., Suszek, H., Kobyliński, P., & Jakubczyk, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.554150 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“(90) found that an 11-week Cognitive– Behavioral Therapy (CBT) program for patients with chronic pain promoted an increase in graymatter volume in brain regions that are also associated with pain and emotions (i.”
BackgroundFear and Reward Circuit Alterations in Pediatric CRPS
Simons, L. E., Erpelding, N., Hernandez, J. M., Serrano, P. V., Zhang, K., Lebel, A., Sethna, N. F., Berde, C. B., Prabhu, S. P., Becerra, L. R., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00703 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Another study showed that greater dlPFC volume has been linked to decreased pain catastrophizing after cognitive-behavioral treatment (Seminowicz et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAccelerated brain aging in chronic low back pain
Yu, G. Z., Ly, M. J., Karim, H. T., Muppidi, N., Aizenstein, H. J., & Ibinson, J. W. (2021) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147263 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mariano, T. Y., Wout‐Frank, M. V. ‘., Garnaat, S. L., Rasmussen, S. A., & Greenberg, B. D. (2015) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnv042 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Evaluation of Chronic Pain Using Magnetic Resonance (MR) Neuroimaging Approaches
Kumbhare, D. A., Elzibak, A. H., & Noseworthy, M. D. (2016) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000415 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Goodlev, E. R., DiScala, S., Darnall, B. D., Hanson, M., Petok, A., & Silverman, M. A. (2019) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2019.0171 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“44 Importantly, pain-CBT’s focus on reframing maladaptive thoughts—such as a firm belief that pain always signifies progression or recurrence of cancer—makes it a valuable tool for the management of patients in survivorship, especially those who have exhibited spiritual distress or anxiety…”
Connectome‐based prediction of craving for gaming in internet gaming disorder
Zhou, W., Wang, Y., Wang, M., Wang, Z., Zheng, H., Wang, M., Potenza, M. N., & Dong, G. (2021) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13076 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“The SMA is included in the salience network, which regulates the function of other networks when rapid changes in behaviour are required, such as when quickly manipulating the keyboard while playing games.(37) Furthermore, as a key node of executive control, it is connected with the prefrontal lobe(38) and linked to i…”
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Fariello, J. Y., & Moldwin, R. (2015) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.10.09 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have shown that CBT increases perceived control in patients with chronic pain by reducing pain, helplessness and psychological distress (50 - 54).”
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“In addition, reduced gray matter density in dlPFC correlates with increased pain severity, while increased dlPFC thickness following surgery or other intervention procedures correlates with a reduction in reported pain (Apkarian et al., 2004; Seminowicz et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe potential role of behavioral therapies in the management of centrally mediated abdominal pain
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- Authors
- Seminowicz, D. A., Shpaner, M., Keaser, M. L., Krauthamer, G. M., Mantegna, J., Dumas, J. A., Newhouse, P. A., Filippi, C. G., Keefe, F. J., & Naylor, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- University of Vermont (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Naylor, Magdalena R.
- Venue
- The Journal of Pain
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1573-1584
- ISSN
- 1526-5900 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3874446
- OpenAlex
- W2081653089
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 9
- FWCI
- 21.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Centre d'Imagerie BioMédicale
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR059674, R01AR052131, R21AR055716)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, chronic pain, gray matter volume, prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, pain catastrophizing, somatosensory cortex, supplementary motor area, hippocampus, neuroplasticity, psychological intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Organ Size, Pain Measurement, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult, Chronic Pain
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