Cited by 372Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesDevelopmental and Educational Neuropsychology

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The top and the bottom of ADHD: a neuropsychological perspective

Sergeant, Joseph A, Geurts, Hilde, Huijbregts, Stephan, Scheres, Anouk, Oosterlaan, Jaap·2003·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.004

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Abstract

Five models of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are reviewed. It is proposed that the cognitive-energetic model provides a reasonably comprehensive account of ADHD by incorporating the features of both the inhibition and delay aversion models. It is suggested that ADHD can only be accounted for by an analysis at three levels: top-down control, specific cognitive processes and energetic factors. It is argued that a refined and conceptually comprehensive neuropsychological battery is needed to advance research in ADHD. A widely distributed neural network involving frontal, basal ganglia, limbic and cerebellar loci seem implicated in ADHD.

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Background
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BackgroundMethod
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BackgroundInfluential
Jitter Reduces Response-Time Variability in ADHD
Lee, R. W. Y., Jacobson, L. A., Pritchard, A. E., Ryan, M., Yu, Q., DENCKLA, M. B., Mostofsky, S. H., & Mahone, E. M. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712464269 · Cited by 31
The Role of Double Dissociation Studies in the Search for Candidate Endophenotypes for the Comorbidity of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Reading Disability
de Jong, C. G. W., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2006) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/10349120600716158 · Cited by 31
“While executive functioning deficits have been found in children with ADHD (Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996; Sergeant, Geurts, Huijbregts, Scheres, & Oosterlaan, 2003), it is unclear, however, whether the comorbidity of LD such as RD and Dyscalculia with ADHD has an effect on the executive functions of…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Correlation Between EEG Activity and Behavior in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Clarke, A. R., Barry, R. J., McCarthy, R., & Selikowitz, M. (2011) · Journal of Neurotherapy · doi:10.1080/10874208.2011.595295 · Cited by 27
Psychostimulant and Sensory Stimulation Interventions That Target the Reading and Math Deficits of Students With ADHD
Zentall, S. S., Tom-Wright, K., & Lee, J. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711430332 · Cited by 38
“An important caveat of this research is that students’ responsiveness to added color stimulation lost impact over time (e.g., Belfiore et al., 1996), consistent with prior evidence that these students habituate to stimuli more rapidly than peers (e.g., Sergeant et al., 2003).”
Result
The Diagnosis and Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Preschool Children: The State of Our Knowledge and Practice
Dreyer, B. P. (2005) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2005.10.001 · Cited by 29
“urr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care, January 2006 nwilling to delay their need for gratification, and iven a choice between a small immediate reward and large delayed reward, they choose the immediate eward.(76,77) While some of these deficits can be seen n children with other diagnoses (such as high funcioning auti…”
Result
Resting state electroencephalographic correlates with red cell long-chain fatty acids, memory performance and age in adolescent boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Sumich, A. L., Matsudaira, T., Gow, R. V., Ibrahimovic, A., Ghebremeskel, K., Crawford, M. A., & Taylor, E. (2009) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.024 · Cited by 27
Diminished modulation of preparatory sensorimotor mu rhythm predicts attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder severity
ter Huurne, N., Lozano‐Soldevilla, D., Onnink, A. M. H., Kan, C., Buitelaar, J. K., & Jensen, O. B. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717000332 · Cited by 26
“A longstanding hypothesis characterizes ADHD as a disorder of cognitive and behavioural inhibition (for reviews, see Barkley, 1997; Sergeant et al. 2003; Nigg, 2005; Adams et al. 2008; Boonstra et al. 2010).”
Background
Attachment Competences in Children With ADHD During the Social-Skills Training and Attachment (SOSTRA) Randomized Clinical Trial
Storebø, O. J., Skoog, M., Rasmussen, P. D., Winkel, P., Gluud, C. N., Pedersen, J., Thomsen, P. H., & Simonsen, E. H. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713520220 · Cited by 25
Galactosylated dopamine enters into the brain, blocks the mesocorticolimbic system and modulates activity and scanning time in Naples high excitability rats
Ruocco, L. A., Viggiano, D., Viggiano, A., ABIGNENTE, E., Rimoli, M. G., Melisi, D., Curcio, A., Nieddu, M., Boatto, G., Carboni, E., et al. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.11.021 · Cited by 25
Multicomponent attention deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Kılıç, B. G., Şener, Ş., Koçkar, A. İ., & Karakaş, S. (2007) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01629.x · Cited by 24
“The conceptual basis of these theories lie on overlapping models related to executive functions, working memory, attention and inhibition.(30) In this study it was found that there are deficits in vigilance/sustained attention as well as other attention measures in children with ADHD.”
Background
Cognitive Functioning in Adolescents with Self-Reported ADHD and Depression: Results from a Population-Based Study
Roy, A., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Hartman, C. A. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0160-x · Cited by 29
Modifiable Arousal in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Etiological Association With Fluctuating Reaction Times
James, S.-N., Cheung, C. H. M., Rijsdijk, F., Asherson, P., & Kuntsi, J. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.06.003 · Cited by 44
Context Regulation of Mind Wandering in ADHD
Bozhilova, N. S., Michelini, G., Jones, C., Kuntsi, J., Rubia, K., & Asherson, P. J. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054720956714 · Cited by 29
“This is in keeping with the cognitive-energetic (Sergeant, 2000; Sergeant et al., 2003) models of ADHD, which propose that the ability to preserve task performance under conditions of increasing attentional demand requires extra effort allocation.”
Result
Hot executive control and response to a stimulant in a double-blind randomized trial in children with ADHD
Yarmolovsky, J., Szwarc, T., Schwartz, M., Tirosh, E., & Geva, R. (2016) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0683-8 · Cited by 26
“Theories about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) emphasize a neonatal origin [1] that compromises information processes [2], with an evolving role for executive dysfunctions in children [3, 4].”
Background
The mindful eye: Smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements in meditators and non-meditators
Kumari, V., Antonova, E., Wright, B., Hamid, A., Hernandez, E. M., Schmechtig, A., & Ettinger, U. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.10.008 · Cited by 27
Attention-based classification pattern, a research domain criteria framework, in youths with bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Kleinman, A., Caetano, S. C., Brentani, H., Rocca, C. C. D. A., dos Santos, B., de Andrade, Ê. R., Zeni, C., Tramontina, S., Rohde, L. A., & Lafer, B. (2014) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867414557957 · Cited by 25
“Several theories have been proposed such as insufficient suppression of the default mode network (Sonuga-Barke and Castellanos, 2007), subcortical mediated problems in state regulation (Sergeant et al., 2003), deficit in motor timing (Rubia et al.”
Background
Cognitive control in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Dramsdahl, M., Westerhausen, R., Haavik, J., Hugdahl, K., & Plessen, K. J. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.04.014 · Cited by 25
“…(Nigg and Casey, 2005; Willcutt et al., 2005; Doyle, 2006; Sonuga-Barke et al., 2010), re ﬂ ected by the recently described multiple pathways models (Sergeant et al., 2003; Sonuga-Barke, 2005; Castellanos et al., 2006), which highlight other domains than merely EF as problematic, e.g. state…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Neuropsychological functions among adolescents with persistent, subsyndromal and remitted attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Lin, Y., Chen, W. J., & Gau, S. S. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002390 · Cited by 22
“and working memory involves general intelligence, short-term maintenance memory and executive ability or central executive components (Baddeley, 2003; Sergeant et al. 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
Cognitive flexibility differentiates young adults exhibiting obsessive-compulsive behaviors from controls
Francazio, S. K., & Flessner, C. A. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.038 · Cited by 26
“…after receiving negative feedback and has been linked to many psychiatric disorders including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Sergeant et al., 2003; Willcutt et al., 2005; Rommelse et al., 2007), obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (e.g., OCD, TTM, pathological skin…”
Background
Prepuberal intranasal dopamine treatment in an animal model of ADHD ameliorates deficient spatial attention, working memory, amino acid transmitters and synaptic markers in prefrontal cortex, ventral and dorsal striatum
Ruocco, L. A., Treno, C., Carnevale, U. A. G., Arra, C., Mattern, C., Huston, J. P., Silva, M. A. D. S., Nikolaus, S., Scorziello, A., Nieddu, M., et al. (2014) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-014-1753-8 · Cited by 23
Impaired Visual Habituation in Adults With ADHD
Massa, J., & O’Desky, I. H. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711423621 · Cited by 22
“Alternatively, it is possible that impairments in lower level brain areas (i.e., reticular activating system and thalamus) may be capable of having a direct impact on the later developing frontal lobe regions and executive control (see Halperin & Schulz, 2006; Sergeant et al., 2003).”
Background
Cognitive Control in Children with ADHD-C: How efficient are they?
Randall, K. D., Brocki, K. C., & Kerns, K. A. (2008) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040802464148 · Cited by 20
“…components involved in the deliberate or goal-oriented control of behavior (Barkley, 1997a, 1997b, 1997c, 2003; Casey, Tottenham, & Fossella, 2002; Nigg, 2006; Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996; Sergeant et al., 2003; Sergeant et al., 1999; Willcutt et al., 2005; Zelazo, Muller, Frye, & Marcovitch, 2003).”
The SLC6A3 gene polymorphism is related to the development of attentional functions but not to ADHD
Kuć, K., Bielecki, M., Racicka, E., Czerwinski, M. B., & Cybulska-Kłosowicz, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63296-x · Cited by 23
Altered proactive control in adults with ADHD: Evidence from event-related potentials during cued task switching
Sidlauskaite, J., Dhar, M., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Wiersema, J. R. (2019) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107330 · Cited by 21
Aperiodic and periodic components of oscillatory brain activity in relation to cognition and symptoms in pediatric ADHD
Dakwar-Kawar, O., Mentch-Lifshits, T., Hochman, S., Mairon, N., Cohen, R., Balasubramani, P. P., Mishra, J., Jordan, J. T., Kadosh, R. C., Berger, I., et al. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae236 · Cited by 20
Musical Performance in Adolescents with ADHD, ADD and Dyslexia—Behavioral and Neurophysiological Aspects
Groß, C., Serrallach, B. L., Möhler, E., Pousson, J. E., Schneider, P. T., Christiner, M., & Bernhofs, V. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12020127 · Cited by 31
The Relation Between Inattentive and Hyperactive/Impulsive Behaviors and Early Mathematics Skills
Sims, D. M., Purpura, D. J., & Lonigan, C. J. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712464390 · Cited by 18
“The snake raised its head”: Content novelty alters the reading performance of students at risk for reading disabilities and ADHD.
Beike, S. M., & Zentall, S. S. (2012) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027216 · Cited by 20
A NEUROECONOMIC MODELING OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)
da Rocha, A. F., Burattini, M. N., Rocha, F., & Massad, E. (2009) · Journal of Biological Systems · doi:10.1142/s021833900900306x · Cited by 17
An ‘integrative neuroscience’ perspective on ADHD: linking cognition, emotion, brain and genetic measures with implications for clinical support
Williams, L. M., Tsang, T. W., Clarke, S. P., & Kohn, M. R. (2010) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.140 · Cited by 18
Computer-generated geometry instruction: a preliminary study
Kang, H. W., & Zentall, S. S. (2011) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-011-9186-5 · Cited by 17
Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents
Storebø, O. J., Rosendal, S., Skoog, M., Groth, C., Bille, T., Rasmussen, K. B., Simonsen, E. H., & Gluud, C. N. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009885 · Cited by 17
Decline and fall: A biological, developmental, and psycholinguistic account of deliberative language processes and ageing
Harley, T. A., Jessiman, L. J., & MacAndrew, S. B. G. (2010) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687031003798262 · Cited by 17
Single‐trial EEG ‐informed fMRI analysis of emotional decision problems in hot executive function
Guo, Q. J., Zhou, T., Li, W., Dong, L., Wang, S., & Zou, L. (2017) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.728 · Cited by 18
How Is Temporal Processing Affected in Children with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder?
Suárez, I., Aragón, C. J. D. L. R., Diaz, E., Rodríguez, T. I., Barceló, E., Velez, J. I., & Casini, L. A. (2020) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2020.1764566 · Cited by 15
“…symptoms of ADHD (APA 2000) but it is not clear whether these children have difficulties in focusing their attention on specific information or in maintaining stable alertness level (Friedman-Hill et al., 2010; Heaton et al., 2001; Huang-Pollock, Nigg, & Halperrin, 2006; Sergeant et al., 2003).”
Background
The Impact of Game-Based Task-Shifting Training on Motivation and Executive Control in Children with ADHD
Dörrenbächer, S., & Kray, J. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-018-0083-2 · Cited by 17
“Such large performance fluctuations over time are assumed to indicate lack of consistent task effort and resulting lapses of attention (Scheres et al. 2001; Sergeant et al. 2003, 1999; van der Meere and Stemerdink 1999).”
Background
Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory: Adaptação e Propriedades Psicométricas da Versão Brasileira
Trevisan, B. T., Dias, N. M., Berberian, A. D. A., & Seabra, A. G. (2017) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712017220106 · Cited by 14
Measuring Temporal Self-Regulation in Children With and Without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Sense of Time in Everyday Contexts
Houghton, S., Durkin, K., Ang, R. P., Taylor, M. F., & Brandtman, M. (2011) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000048 · Cited by 14
Cross-country comparisons of inattentive, hyperactive and impulsive behaviour in school-based samples of young children
Merrell, C. H., Styles, I. M., Jones, P., Tymms, P. B., & Wildy, H. (2016) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · doi:10.4225/03/5817e0feb398d · Cited by 14
Multi-domain Predictors of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Preschool Children: Cross-informant Differences
Lavigne, J., Gouze, K. R., Hopkins, J., & Bryant, F. (2015) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0616-1 · Cited by 10
“A variety of different models attempt to identify the psychosocial factors and cognitive deficits that may be associated with symptoms of ADHD, but no single model fully incorporates all the deficits associated with the disorder [16].”
Background
Galactosilated dopamine increases attention without reducing activity in C57BL/6 mice
Ruocco, L. A., Viggiano, D., Pignatelli, M., Iannaccone, T., Rimoli, M. G., Melisi, D., CURCIO, A., DELUCIA, S., Carboni, E., & Carnevale, U. A. G. (2007) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.10.007 · Cited by 13

Authors: Sergeant, J. A., Geurts, H., Huijbregts, S., Scheres, A., & Oosterlaan, J.
Affiliations: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Sergeant, Joseph A
ORCID: Sergeant, Joseph A
Geurts, Hilde
Huijbregts, Stephan
Scheres, Anouk
Oosterlaan, Jaap
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-11
Volume: 27
Issue: 7
Pages: 583-592
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.004
OpenAlex: W2121407687
Cited by: 372
References: 99
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 2.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inhibition model, top-down control, frontal lobe, basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebellum, artificial neural networks, neuropsychological assessment, cognitive processes
MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain Chemistry, Humans, Mental Processes, Models, Neurological, Models, Psychological, Neural Pathways

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The top and the bottom of ADHD: a neuropsychological perspective

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