Seeing with the eyes shut: neural basis of enhanced imagery following ayahuasca ingestion.
Open accessAbstract
The hallucinogenic brew Ayahuasca, a rich source of serotonergic agonists and reuptake inhibitors, has been used for ages by Amazonian populations during religious ceremonies. Among all perceptual changes induced by Ayahuasca, the most remarkable are vivid "seeings." During such seeings, users report potent imagery. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging during a closed-eyes imagery task, we found that Ayahuasca produces a robust increase in the activation of several occipital, temporal, and frontal areas. In the primary visual area, the effect was comparable in magnitude to the activation levels of natural image with the eyes open. Importantly, this effect was specifically correlated with the occurrence of individual perceptual changes measured by psychiatric scales. The activity of cortical areas BA30 and BA37, known to be involved with episodic memory and the processing of contextual associations, was also potentiated by Ayahuasca intake during imagery. Finally, we detected a positive modulation by Ayahuasca of BA 10, a frontal area involved with intentional prospective imagination, working memory and the processing of information from internal sources. Therefore, our results indicate that Ayahuasca seeings stem from the activation of an extensive network generally involved with vision, memory, and intention. By boosting the intensity of recalled images to the same level of natural image, Ayahuasca lends a status of reality to inner experiences. It is therefore understandable why Ayahuasca was culturally selected over many centuries by rain forest shamans to facilitate mystical revelations of visual nature.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Ayahuasca-produced stimulation of the primary visual cortex is comparable to the effect of natural images with the eyes open.
“The ayahuasca-produced stimulation of the primary visual cortex was comparable to the effect of natural images with the eyes open.”
From The therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca: possible effects against various diseases of civilization (2016) · cites this paper as de Araujo et al. (2012)
de Araujo et al. (2012) fMRI found that ayahuasca induces robust activation of occipital, temporal, and frontal areas during a closed-eyes imagery task.
“Using functional magnetic resonance imaging technique de Araujo et al. (2012) found that ayahuasca induces a robust activation of occipital, temporal, and frontal areas during a closed-eyes imagery task.”
From The therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca: possible effects against various diseases of civilization (2016) · cites this paper as de Araujo et al. (2012)
Ayahuasca consumption activates an extended brain network previously correlated with visual perception, memory, and intention, in which Brodmann areas BA10, BA17, BA30, and BA37 play a central role.
“The consumption of the brew activated an extended network in the brain (that has previously been correlated to visual perception, memory and intention) in which the Brodmann areas BA10, BA17, BA30, and BA37 play a central role.”
From The therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca: possible effects against various diseases of civilization (2016) · cites this paper as de Araujo et al. (2012)
The ayahuasca effect on primary visual cortex correlates significantly with perceptual changes measured by rating scales.
“Moreover, this effect correlated significantly with the occurrence of perceptual changes measured by rating scales.”
From The therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca: possible effects against various diseases of civilization (2016) · cites this paper as de Araujo et al. (2012)
Cites
Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., & Thompson, W. L. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35090055 · Cited by 1,894 · see citing works
Bar, M. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1476 · Cited by 1,613 · see citing works
Brain areas underlying visual mental imagery and visual perception: an fMRI study
Ganis, G., Thompson, W. L., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2004) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.02.012 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
The Role of Area 17 in Visual Imagery: Convergent Evidence from PET and rTMS
Kosslyn, S. M., Pascual‐Leone, Á., Félician, O., Camposano, S. E., Keenan, J. P., L., W., Thompson, Ganis, G., Sukel, K. E., & Alpert, N. M. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5411.167 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Kosslyn, S. M. (1990) · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Kalina Christoff, A., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2000) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03331976 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
When the Brain Loses Its Self: Prefrontal Inactivation during Sensorimotor Processing
Goldberg, I. I., Harel, M., & Malach, R. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.015 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Distributed Neural Systems for the Generation of Visual Images
Ishai, A., Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00168-9 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Allen, P., Larøi, F., McGuire, P. K., & Aleman, A. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.07.012 · Cited by 579 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The nonprimary visual areas strongly modulated by Ayahuasca (BA7, BA18, and BA19) are known to be activated during psychopathological hallucinations [Allen et al., 2008] as well as during normal dreaming, within rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep [Braun et al., 1998; Wehrle et al., 2007].”
BackgroundBrain regions involved in prospective memory as determined by positron emission tomography
Burgess, P. W., Quayle, A., & Frith, C. D. (2001) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00149-4 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
When is early visual cortex activated during visual mental imagery?
Kosslyn, S. M., & Thompson, W. L. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.723 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Braun, A. R., Balkin, T. J., Wesensten, N. J., Gwadry, F., Carson, R. E., Varga, M., Baldwin, P., Belenky, G., & Herscovitch, P. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.279.5347.91 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
A functional MRI study of mental image generation
D’Esposito, M., Detre, J. A., Aguirre, G. K., Stallcup, M., Alsop, D. C., Tippet, L. J., & Farah, M. J. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(96)00121-2 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Riba, J., Valle, M., Urbano, G., Yritia, M., Morte, A., & Barbanoj, M. J. (2003) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.103.049882 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Richardson, A. (1969) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-37817-5 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Riba, J., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., Urbano, G., Morte, A., Antonijoan, R., Montero, M., Callaway, J. C., & Barbanoj, M. J. (2001) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130000606 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Addis, D. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2007) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20405 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Common Mechanisms of Visual Imagery and Perception
Ishai, A., & Sagi, D. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7792605 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Increased frontal and paralimbic activation following ayahuasca, the pan-amazonian inebriant
Riba, J., Romero, S., Grasa, E., Mena, E., Carrió, I., & Barbanoj, M. J. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0358-7 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Reopening the Mental Imagery Debate: Lessons from Functional Anatomy
Mellet, E., Petit, L., Mazoyer, B., Denis, M., & Tzourio, N. (1998) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0355 · Cited by 237 · cited 2× · see citing works
“VC 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
Wehrle, R., Kaufmann, C., Wetter, T. C., Holsboer, F., Auer, D. P., Pollmächer, T., & Czisch, M. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05314.x · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Decoding Individual Episodic Memory Traces in the Human Hippocampus
Chadwick, M. J., Hassabis, D., Weiskopf, N., & Maguire, E. A. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.01.053 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
SANTOS, R. G. D., Landeira-Fernández, J., Strassman, R. J., Motta, V., & Cruz, A. P. D. M. (2007) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.04.012 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Buckholtz, N. S., & Boggan, W. O. (1977) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(77)90007-7 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Receptive fields in human visual cortex mapped with surface electrodes
Yoshor, D., Bosking, W. H., Ghose, G. M., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl138 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Agonist Properties of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine at Serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C Receptors
Smith, R. (1998) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(98)00110-5 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of a Portuguese version of the Young Mania Rating Scale
Vilela, J. A. A., Crippa, J. A. S., Del‐Ben, C. M., & Loureiro, S. R. (2005) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2005000900019 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationRiba, J., Anderer, P., Morte, A., Urbano, G., Jané, F., Saletu, B., & Barbanoj, M. J. (2002) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01609.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Amplifying Phenomenal Information: Toward a Fundamental Theory of ConsciousnessPreprint
Gabora, L. M. (1999) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.adap-org/9911003 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Theta Oscillations and Human Navigation: A Magnetoencephalography Study
de Araújo, D. B., Baffa, O., & Wakai, R. T. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902317205339 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Turner, M., Simons, J. S., Gilbert, S. J., Frith, C., & Burgess, P. W. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.029 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Crippa, J. A. S., Sanches, R. F., Hallak, J. E. C., Loureiro, S. R., & Zuardi, A. W. (2001) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00185.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationLinden, D. E. J., Kallenbach, U., Heinecke, A., Singer, W., & Goebel, R. (1999) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p2820 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Denis, M. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Brain activation patterns during memory of cognitive agency
Vinogradov, S., Luks, T. L., Simpson, G. V., Schulman, B. J., Glenn, S., & Wong, A. E. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.058 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Identifying directed links in large scale functional networks: application to brain fMRI
Cecchi, G., Rao, A. R., Centeno, M. V., Baliki, M. N., Apkarian, A. V., & Chialvo, D. R. (2007) · BMC Cell Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2121-8-s1-s5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationAltered states and the study of consciousness: The case of Ayahuasca
Shanon, B. (2003) · The Journal of mind and behavior · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Petit-Taboué, M.-C., Landeau, B., Barré, L., Onfroy, M.-C., Noël, M.-H., & Baron, J. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Psychological explanations and knowledge-dependent processes
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1981) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(81)90056-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Prado, D. A., Pinto, J. P., Crippa, J. A. S., Santos, A. C., Ribeiro, S. T. G., Araújo, D., Zuardi, A. W., Chaves, C., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2009) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(09)70469-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 43 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nichols, D. E. (2016) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.115.011478 · Cited by 1,762 · see citing works
REBUS and the anarchic brain: Toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics
Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Friston, K. J. (2019) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.118.017160 · Cited by 1,180 · see citing works
Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Droog, W., Murphy, K., Tagliazucchi, E., Schenberg, E. E., Nest, T., Orban, C., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1518377113 · Cited by 859 · see citing works
Palhano-Fontes, F., Barreto, D., Onias, H., Andrade, K. C., Novaes, M. M., Pessoa, J. A., Mota-Rolim, S. A., Osório, F. L., Sanches, R., dos Santos, R. G., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001356 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Self-citationGasser, P., Holstein, D., Michel, Y., Doblin, R., Yazar-Klosinski, B., Passie, T., & Brenneisen, R. (2014) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000113 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Psychedelic drugs: neurobiology and potential for treatment of psychiatric disorders
Vollenweider, F. X., & Preller, K. H. (2020) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-020-0367-2 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Palhano-Fontes, F., Andrade, K. C., Tofoli, L. F., Santos, A. C., Crippa, J. A. S., Hallak, J. E. C., Ribeiro, S., & de Araujo, D. B. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118143 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychedelics, meditation, and self-consciousness
Millière, R., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Trautwein, F.-M., & Berkovich-Ohana, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01475 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
LSD enhances suggestibility in healthy volunteers
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Kaelen, M., Whalley, M. G., Bolstridge, M., Feilding, A., & Nutt, D. J. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3714-z · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Bouso, J. C., González, D., Fondevila, S., Cutchet, M., Fernández, X., Ribeiro Barbosa, P. C., Alcázar-Córcoles, M. Á., Araújo, W. S., Barbanoj, M. J., Fábregas, J. M., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042421 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
dos Santos, R. G., Osório, F. L., Crippa, J. A. S., Riba, J., Zuardi, A. W., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2016) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125316638008 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Self-citationRoseman, L., Leech, R., Feilding, A., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00204 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Williams, T. M., Erritzoe, D., Abbasi, N., Bargiotas, T., Hobden, P., Sharp, D. J., Evans, J., Feilding, A., et al. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.103309 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
The therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca: possible effects against various diseases of civilization
Frecska, E., Bokor, P., & Winkelman, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00035 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Ayahuasca: pharmacology, neuroscience and therapeutic potential
Domínguez-Clavé, E., Soler, J., Elices, M., Pascual, J. C., Álvarez, E., de la Fuente Revenga, M., Friedlander, P., Feilding, A., & Riba, J. (2016) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.002 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The neural correlates of visual imagery vividness – An fMRI study and literature review
Fulford, J., Milton, F., Salas, D., Smith, A., Simler, A., Winlove, C., & Zeman, A. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.09.014 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Sampedro, F., de la Fuente Revenga, M., Valle, M., Roberto, N., Domínguez-Clavé, E., Elices, M., Luna, L. E., Crippa, J. A. S., Hallak, J. E. C., de Araujo, D. B., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyx036 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationUnifying Theories of Psychedelic Drug Effects
Swanson, L. R. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00172 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Hamill, J., Hallak, J. E. C., Dursun, S. M., & Baker, G. B. (2018) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x16666180125095902 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationDreamlike effects of LSD on waking imagery in humans depend on serotonin 2A receptor activation
Krähenmann, R., Pokorný, D., Vollenweider, L., Preller, K. H., Pokorny, T., Seifritz, E., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4610-0 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine, and psychosis: a systematic review of human studies
SANTOS, R. G. D., Bouso, J. C., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2017) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125316689030 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationSANTOS, R. G. D., Osório, F. D. L., Crippa, J. A. S., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2016) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1701 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationViol, A., Palhano-Fontes, F., Onias, H., de Araújo, D. B., & Viswanathan, G. M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06854-0 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Changes in inflammatory biomarkers are related to the antidepressant effects of Ayahuasca
Galvão-Coelho, N. L., de Menezes Galvão, A. C., de Almeida, R. N., Palhano-Fontes, F., Campos Braga, I., Lobão Soares, B., Maia-de-Oliveira, J. P., Perkins, D., Sarris, J., & de Araujo, D. B. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120936486 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Smaller Primary Visual Cortex Is Associated with Stronger, but Less Precise Mental Imagery
Bergmann, J., Genç, E., Kohler, A., Singer, W., & Pearson, J. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv186 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
dos Santos, R. G., Balthazar, F. M., Bouso, J. C., & Hallak, J. E. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116652578 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Subacute effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca on the salience and default mode networks
Pasquini, L., Palhano-Fontes, F., & de Araújo, D. B. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120909409 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Timmermann, C., Watts, R., & Dupuis, D. (2022) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615221082796 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Adverse effects of ayahuasca: Results from the Global Ayahuasca Survey
Bouso, J. C., Andión, Ó., Sarris, J. J., Scheidegger, M., Tófoli, L. F., Opaleye, E. S., Schubert, V., & Perkins, D. (2022) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000438 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Brito-da-Costa, A. M., Dias-da-Silva, D., Gomes, N. G. M., Dinis-Oliveira, R. J., & Madureira-Carvalho, Á. (2020) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph13110334 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Acute biphasic effects of ayahuasca.
Schenberg, E. E., Alexandre, J. F. M., Filev, R., Cravo, A. M., Sato, J. R., Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Yonamine, M., Waguespack, M., Lomnicka, I., Barker, S. A., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137202 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Jiménez-Garrido, D. F., Gómez-Sousa, M., Ona, G., Dos Santos, R. G., Hallak, J. E. C., Alcázar-Córcoles, M. Á., & Bouso, J. C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61169-x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationClassical hallucinogens and neuroimaging: A systematic review of human studies
dos Santos, R. G., Osório, F. L., Crippa, J. A. S., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.026 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationSanz, C., Zamberlán, F., Erowid, E., Erowid, F., & Tagliazucchi, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00007 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Psychological and neuropsychological assessment of regular hoasca users
Barbosa, P. C. R., Strassman, R. J., da Silveira, D. X., Areco, K., Hoy, R., Pommy, J., Thoma, R., & Bogenschutz, M. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.09.003 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Serotonergic psychedelics temporarily modify information transfer in humans.
Alonso, J. F., Romero, S., Mañanas, M. À., & Riba, J. (2015) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv039 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Pic‐Taylor, A., da Motta, L. G., de Morais, J. A., Melo, W., Santos, A. D. F. A., Campos, L. A., Mortari, M. R., von Zuben, M. V., & Caldas, E. D. (2015) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2015.05.004 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationDMT alters cortical travelling waves
Alamia, A., Timmermann, C., Nutt, D. J., VanRullen, R., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.59784 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Purging and the body in the therapeutic use of ayahuasca
Fotiou, E., & Gearin, A. K. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112532 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Nunes, A. A., SANTOS, R. G. D., Osório, F. D. L., Sanches, R. F., Crippa, J. A. S., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2016) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2016.1188225 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationDreams and Psychedelics: Neurophenomenological Comparison and Therapeutic Implications
Kraehenmann, R. (2017) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1573413713666170619092629 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Ayahuasca Improves Self-perception of Speech Performance in Subjects With Social Anxiety Disorder
SANTOS, R. G. D., Osório, F. D. L., Rocha, J. M., Rossi, G. N., Bouso, J. C., Rodrigues, L. S., Silveira, G. D. O., Yonamine, M., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001428 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychedelics, Sociality, and Human Evolution
Rodríguez Arce, J. M., & Winkelman, M. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729425 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Safety and Side Effects of Ayahuasca in Humans—An Overview Focusing on Developmental Toxicology
SANTOS, R. G. D. (2013) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2013.763564 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Effects of External Stimulation on Psychedelic State Neurodynamics
Mediano, P. A. M., Rosas, F. E., Timmermann, C., Roseman, L., Nutt, D., Feilding, A., Kaelen, M., Kringelbach, M. L., Barrett, A. B., Seth, A. K., et al. (2024) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00289 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The Psychedelic Future of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment
Zaretsky, T. G., Jagodnik, K. M., Barsic, R., Antonio, J. H., Bonanno, P. A., MacLeod, C., Pierce, C., Carney, H., Morrison, M. T., Saylor, C. F., et al. (2024) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x22666231027111147 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
A review on research and evaluation methods for investigating self-transcendence
Kitson, A., Chirico, A., Gaggioli, A., & Riecke, B. E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.547687 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Ruffell, S., Netzband, N., Tsang, W., Davies, M., Inserra, A., Butler, M., Rucker, J., Tófoli, L. F., Dempster, E. L., Young, A. H., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.687615 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
New World Tryptamine Hallucinogens and the Neuroscience of Ayahuasca
McKenna, D. J., & Jordi Riba, A. (2016) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2016_472 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Winkelman, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.619890 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Onias, H., Viol, A., Palhano-Fontes, F., Andrade, K. C., Sturzbecher, M. J., Viswanathan, G. M., & de Araújo, D. B. (2014) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.11.019 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
SANTOS, R. G. D., Bouso, J. C., Rocha, J. M., Rossi, G. N., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2021) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s300656 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationGenuine and drug-induced synesthesia: A comparison
Sinke, C., Halpern, J. H., Zedler, M., Neufeld, J., Emrich, H. M., & Passie, T. (2012) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.03.009 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Roseman, L., Sereno, M. I., Leech, R., Kaelen, M., Orbán, C., McGonigle, J., Feilding, A., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23224 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Modulatory effects of ayahuasca on personality structure in a traditional framework
Netzband, N., Ruffell, S., Linton, S., Tsang, W., & Wolff, T. J. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05601-0 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Serotonin Decreases the Gain of Visual Responses in Awake Macaque V1
Seillier, L., Lorenz, C., Kawaguchi, K., Ott, T., Nieder, A., Pourriahi, P., & Nienborg, H. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1339-17.2017 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Aqil, M., & Roseman, L. (2022) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109300 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Herbal Highs: Review on Psychoactive Effects and Neuropharmacology
Graziano, S., Orsolini, L., Rotolo, M. C., Tittarelli, R., Schifano, F., & Pichini, S. (2016) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666161031144427 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Kloft, L., Monds, L. A., Blokland, A., Ramaekers, J. G., & Otgaar, H. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.012 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Ayahuasca: Uses, Phytochemical and Biological Activities
Estrella-Parra, E. A., Almanza-Pérez, J. C., & Alarcón-Aguilar, F. J. (2019) · Natural Products and Bioprospecting · doi:10.1007/s13659-019-0210-5 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
SANTOS, R. G. D., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2019) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.04.053 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationRiga, M. S., Lladó-Pelfort, L., Artigas, F., & Celada, P. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.049 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Froese, T., Woodward, A., & Ikegami, T. (2013) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/1059712313483145 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lysergic acid diethylamide: a drug of ‘use’?
Das, S., Barnwal, P., Ramasamy, A., Sen, S., & Mondal, S. (2016) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125316640440 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ayahuasca: A review of historical, pharmacological, and therapeutic aspects
Ruffell, S., Crosland‐Wood, M., Palmer, R., Netzband, N., Tsang, W., Weiss, B., Gandy, S., Cowley‐Court, T., Halman, A., McHerron, D., et al. (2023) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports · doi:10.1002/pcn5.146 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Psychoactive natural products: overview of recent developments.
Ujváry, I. (2014) · PubMed · doi:10.4415/ann_14_01_04 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Aphantasia: The science of visual imagery extremes
Keogh, R., Pearson, J., & Zeman, A. Z. (2021) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821377-3.00012-x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Rocha, J. M., Rossi, G. N., Osório, F. D. L., Bouso, J. C., Silveira, G. D. O., Yonamine, M., Campos, A. C., Bertozi, G., Hallak, J. E. C., & SANTOS, R. G. D. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001396 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationFalchi-Carvalho, M., Palhano-Fontes, F., Wießner, I., Barros, H., Bolcont, R., Laborde, S., Silva, S. R. B., Montanini, D., Barbosa, D. C., Teixeira, E., et al. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02091-6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Ayahuasca’s Antidepressant Effects Covary with Behavioral Activation as Well as Mindfulness
Mian, M. N., Altman, B. R., & Earleywine, M. (2019) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2019.1674428 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ayahuasca's therapeutic potential: What we know – and what not
Maia, L. O., Daldegan‐Bueno, D., Wießner, I., de Araújo, D. B., & Tófoli, L. F. (2022) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.10.008 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Bouso, J. C., Pedrero-Pérez, E. J., Gandy, S., & Alcázar-Córcoles, M. Á. (2016) · Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2545 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
N,N‐dimethyltryptamine and Amazonian ayahuasca plant medicine
James, E., Keppler, J., Robertshaw, T. L., & Sessa, B. (2022) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2835 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Ayahuasca as a Candidate Therapy for PTSD
Nielson, J. L., & Megler, J. D. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40426-9_3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Behavioral Changes Over Time Following Ayahuasca Exposure in Zebrafish
Savoldi, R., Polari, D., Pinheiro‐da‐Silva, J., Silva, P. F., Soares, B. L., Yonamine, M., Freire, F. A. D. M., & Luchiari, A. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00139 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Gonçalves, J., Luís, Â., Gallardo, E., & Duarte, A. P. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26051397 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ayahuasca and the Treatment of Drug Addiction
Bouso, J. C., & Jordi Riba, A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40426-9_6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Catalysts for change: the cellular neurobiology of psychedelics
Banks, M. I., Zahid, Z., Jones, N., Sultan, Z. W., & Wenthur, C. J. (2021) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e20-05-0340 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Long-term effects of ayahuasca in patients with recurrent depression: a 5-year qualitative follow-up
SANTOS, R. G. D., Sanches, R. F., Osório, F. D. L., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2018) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/0101-60830000000149 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationThe therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca in the treatment of depression
Palhano-Fontes, F., Alchieri, J. C., Oliveira, J. P. M., Soares, B. L., Hallak, J. E. C., Galvao-Coelho, N., & de Araujo, D. B. (2014) · The Therapeutic Use of Ayahuasca · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40426-9_2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Long-Term Ayahuasca Administration on Memory and Anxiety in Rats
Favaro, V. M., Yonamine, M., Soares, J. C. K., & Oliveira, M. G. M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145840 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Egger, K., Aicher, H., Cumming, P. D., & Scheidegger, M. (2024) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-024-05353-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Castelhano, J., Lima, G., Teixeira, M., Soares, C., Pais, M. L., & Castelo-Branco, M. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.739053 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Viol, A., Palhano-Fontes, F., Onias, H., de Araújo, D. B., Hövel, P., & Viswanathan, G. M. (2019) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e21020128 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Müller, F., Liechti, M. E., Lang, U. E., & Borgwardt, S. (2018) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.08.004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Riga, M. S., Bortolozzi, A. A., Campa, L., Artigas, F., & Celada, P. (2015) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.016 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Doss, M. K., de Wit, H., & Gallo, D. (2023) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105188 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Nonlocality and the Shamanic State of Consciousness
Frecska, E., Hoppál, M., & Luna, L. E. (2016) · NeuroQuantology · doi:10.14704/nq.2016.14.2.934 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of psychedelic visual imagery
Stoliker, D., Preller, K. H., Novelli, L., Anticevic, A., Egan, G. F., Vollenweider, F. X., & Razi, A. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02632-3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ayahuasca and cancer treatment
Schenberg, E. E. (2013) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/2050312113508389 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Fox, K. C. R., Girn, M., Parro, C., & Kalina Christoff, A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316556238.007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Psychedelics and hypnosis: Commonalities and therapeutic implications
Lemercier, C. E., & Terhune, D. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881118780714 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
How does ayahuasca work from a psychiatric perspective? Pros and cons of the entheogenic therapy
Orsolini, L., Chiappini, S., Papanti, D., Latini, R., Volpe, U., Fornaro, M., Tomasetti, C., Vellante, F., & Berardis, D. D. (2020) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2728 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Dev, L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_11 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ayahuasca Beverages: Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Properties
Gonçalves, J., Luís, Â., Gradillas, A., Garcı́a, A., Restolho, J., Fernández, N., Domingues, F., Gallardo, E., & Duarte, A. P. (2020) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics9110731 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ayahuasca for the Treatment of Depression
Palhano-Fontes, F., Soares, B. L., Coelho, N. L. G., Arcoverde, E., & de Araújo, D. B. (2021) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2021_277 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Irvine, A., & Luke, D. P. (2022) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2022.00195 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Tófoli, L. F., & de Araújo, D. B. (2016) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2016.06.005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Acute Psychological Adverse Reactions in First-Time Ritual Ayahuasca Users
Gómez-Sousa, M. D. L., Jiménez-Garrido, D. F., Oña, G., SANTOS, R. G. D., Hallak, J. E. C., Alcázar‐Córcoles, M. Á., & Bouso, J. C. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001343 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationDMT alters cortical travelling wavesPreprint
Alamia, A., Timmermann, C., VanRullen, R., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.080937 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
- Authors
- de Araujo, D. B., Ribeiro, S., Cecchi, G. A., Carvalho, F. M., Sanchez, T. A., Pinto, J. P., de Martinis, B. S., Crippa, J. A., Hallak, J. E. C., & Santos, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (BR)
- IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center (US)
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (BR)
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (BR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-09-16
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2550-2560
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC6870240
- OpenAlex
- W2035391615
- Cited by
- 239
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 7.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Scientific Electronic Library Online (São Paulo Research Foundation, Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology
- Keywords
- ayahuasca, hallucinations, visual imagery, serotonergic agonists, primary visual cortex, episodic memory, brain networks, shamanic rituals, mystical experience, hallucinogenic effects
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Hallucinations, Hallucinogens, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Neural Pathways, Banisteriopsis, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
