Sex differences in the mitochondrial bioenergetics of astrocytes but not microglia at a physiologically relevant brain oxygen tension
Open accessAbstract
Biological sex is thought to influence mitochondrial bioenergetic function. Previous respiration measurements examining brain mitochondrial sex differences were made at atmospheric oxygen using isolated brain mitochondria. Oxygen is 160 mm Hg (21%) in the atmosphere, while the oxygen tension in the brain generally ranges from ∼5 to 45 mm Hg (∼1-6% O 2). This study tested the hypothesis that sex and/or brain physiological oxygen tension influence the mitochondrial bioenergetic properties of primary rat cortical astrocytes and microglia. Oxygen consumption was measured with a Seahorse XF24 cell respirometer in an oxygen-controlled environmental chamber. Strikingly, male astrocytes had a higher maximal respiration than female astrocytes when cultured and assayed at 3% O 2. Three percent O 2 yielded a low physiological dissolved O 2 level of ∼1.2% (9.1 mm Hg) at the cell monolayer during culture and 1.2-3.0% O 2 during assays. No differences in bioenergetic parameters were observed between male and female astrocytes at 21% O 2 (dissolved O 2 of ∼19.7%, 150 mm Hg during culture) or between either of these cell populations and female astrocytes at 3% O 2. In contrast to astrocytes, microglia showed no sex differences in mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters at either oxygen level, regardless of whether they were non-stimulated or activated to a proinflammatory state. There were also no O 2- or sex-dependent differences in proinflammatory TNF-α or IL-1β cytokine secretion measured at 18 h activation. Overall, results reveal an intriguing sex variance in astrocytic maximal respiration that requires additional investigation. Findings also demonstrate that sex differences can be masked by conducting experiments at non-physiological O 2.
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Under physiological conditions, sex-specific differences in mitochondrial respiration, bioenergetics, and reactive oxygen species production have been reported in both human and animal studies.
“Under physiological conditions, sex-specific differences in mitochondrial respiration, bioenergetics, and reactive oxygen species production have been reported in both human and animal studies.”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [123]
Higher maximal respiration was reported in cortical astrocytes derived from male rats than females.
“higher maximal respiration was reported in cortical astrocytes derived from male rats than females.”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [123]
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Lack of detectable sex differences in the mitochondrial function of Caenorhabditis elegans
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Sex/Gender Differences in Parkinson’s Disease
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Sex Differences and Gut Microbiota Changes in Parkinson’s Disease
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- Authors
- Jaber, S. M., Bordt, E. A., Bhatt, N. M., Lewis, D. M., Gerecht, S., Fiskum, G., & Polster, B. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Polster, Brian M.
- Venue
- Neurochemistry International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-07
- Volume
- 117
- Pages
- 82-90
- ISSN
- 0197-0186 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5839942
- OpenAlex
- W2753778112
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 2.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neurochemistry International (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01NS085165, R01NS091099, P01HD016596)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- sex differences, mitochondrial bioenergetics, astrocytes, microglia, brain oxygen tension, maximal respiration, oxygen consumption, pro-inflammatory activation, TNF-α, IL-1β, sex differences in brain function
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Astrocytes, Brain, Cells, Cultured, Energy Metabolism, Female, Male, Mitochondria, Oxygen Consumption, Sex Characteristics, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Microglia, Rats
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