Impulse inhibition in people with Internet addiction disorder: Electrophysiological evidence from a Go/NoGo study
Abstract
We investigated response inhibition in people with Internet addiction disorder (IAD) by recording event-related brain potentials during a Go/NoGo task. Twelve IAD-afflicted and 12 normal university students participated in the study. Results show that the IAD group exhibited lower NoGo-N2 amplitude, higher NoGo-P3 amplitude, and longer NoGo-P3 peak latency than the normal group. The results also suggest that the IAD students had lower activation in the conflict detection stage than the normal group; thus, they had to engage in more cognitive endeavors to complete the inhibition task in the late stage. In addition, the IAD students showed less efficiency in information processing and lower impulse control than their normal peers.
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In contrast, in some studies no such alteration of inhibitory control is found (Dong et al., 2010; Dong et al., 2014; Dong et al., 2015; Sun et al 2009; Wang et al., 2017d; Zhang et al., 2016).
“En contraste, en algunos estudios no se da tal alteración (Dong et al., 2010; Dong et al., 2014; Dong et al., 2015; Sun et al 2009; Wang et al., 2017d; Zhang et al., 2016)”
From Adicciones a internet y funciones ejecutivas en estudiantes universitarios: una revisión sistemática (2020) · cites this paper as Dong et al., 2010
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“…also found that IGD group demonstrated lower NoGo-N2 amplitude, higher NoGo-P3 amplitude, and longer NoGo-P3 peak latency, indicating that they engaged in more cognitive endeavors, less efficiency in information processing, and lower impulse control than their normal peers (Dong et al., 2010).”
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“…of the relationship between N2 magnitude and addictive behavior, and, specifically, a reduction of the No-go > Go difference and the underlying source activations in samples of clinically addicted patients (Sokhadze et al., 2008; Dong et al., 2010; Luijten et al., 2011; Pandey et al., 2012).”
BackgroundDong, G., Wang, J., Yang, X., & Zhou, H. (2012) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1758-5872.2012.00185.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“It has become a serious global mental health issue because addicts are impaired in various behavioral aspects, including social interactions and academic performance (Scherer, 1997; Morahan-Martin and Schumacher, 2000; Dong et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEvidences from Rewarding System, FRN and P300 Effect in Internet-Addiction in Young People
Balconi, M., Venturella, I., & Finocchiaro, R. (2017) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci7070081 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Also for IA this dysfunction was observed in recent research (see [6,7] for a complete review).”
BackgroundImpaired Frontal-Basal Ganglia Connectivity in Adolescents with Internet Addiction
Baojuan Li, A., Friston, K. J., Liu, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, G., Cao, F., Su, L., Yao, S., Lu, H., & Hu, D. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep05027 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Children’s Health in the Digital Age
Dresp, B. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17093240 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Results from a set of independent studies [74-78], mostly conducted in East Asia on young male subjects with internet gaming disorder, were recently analyzed in a comprehensive metareview [79].”
BackgroundQuaglieri, A., Biondi, S., Roma, P., Varchetta, M., Fraschetti, A., Burrai, J., Lausi, G., Vilar, M. M., González‐Sala, F., Domenico, A. D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11010188 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
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The Functional Anatomy of Impulse Control Disorders
Probst, C. C., & van Eimeren, T. (2013) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-013-0386-8 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“But there are also studies that did not find any behavioral differences between gamblers or Internet addicts and controls [85–88] or PD patients with ICDs and PD controls [89].”
Zhang, Y., Lin, X., Zhou, H., Xu, J., Du, X., & Dong, G. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00714 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationDong, G., Lin, X., Hu, Y., Xie, C., & Du, X. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep09197 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Task based fMRI studies also demonstrated that IGD subjects showed reduced response inhibitions than healthy controls 8,9,11,12 .”
Self-citationThe role of emotional inhibitory control in specific internet addiction – an fMRI study
Dieter, J., Hoffmann, S., Mier, D., Reinhard, I., Beutel, M., Vollstädt-Klein, S., Kiefer, F., Mann, K., & Leménager, T. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.046 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The Evolution of Internet Addiction Disorder
Young, K. (2015) · Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07242-5_1 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
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“34 However, other research has shown no differences in levels of disinhibition, 35 and one study found that excessive Internet users had lower levels of disinhibition.”
Neurobiological findings related to I nternet use disorders
Park, B., Han, D. H., & Roh, S. (2016) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12422 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“, compared to healthy controls, IA patients showed lower NoGo-N2 amplitude, higher NoGo-P3 amplitude, and longer NoGo-P3 peak latency in event-related brain potentials while performing the Go/NoGo tasks.(69) This suggests that the activation is decreased in the conflict-detection stage of IA patients and that more cog…”
ResultWang, Y., Wu, L., Zhou, H., Lin, X., Zhang, Y., Du, X., & Dong, G. (2016) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0721-6 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Moreover, studies suggested that the deficits in similar brain areas mediating executive function and reward circuit were associated with impaired decision making in IGD, such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationDong, G., Shen, Y., Huang, J., & Du, X. (2013) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000346783 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationInternet addiction: Neuroimaging findings
Yuan, K., Qin, W., Liu, Y., & Tian, J. (2011) · Communicative & Integrative Biology · doi:10.4161/cib.17871 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“The reward system is thought to play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of drug addiction and drug addicts often showed a deficient reward system.22,27 To investigate the reward and punishment processing in IAD, Dong et al. scanning the brain of the individuals with IAD and controls when they received a…”
InfluentialGao, Q., Jia, G., Zhao, J., & Zhang, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01810 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, the current Nogo-P3 finding is inconsistent with that of Dong et al. (2010) and Detandt et al. (2017), who found that excessive Internet users or smokers had larger Nogo-P3 amplitudes compared to the control subjects.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAuditory evoked potential could reflect emotional sensitivity and impulsivity
Kim, J. S., Kim, S., Jung, W., Im, C., & Lee, S. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep37683 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Wang, L., Wu, L., Wang, Y., Li, H., Liu, X., Du, X., & Dong, G. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01150 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Numerous imaging studies have found impaired executive control ability in IGD subjects (Dong and Zhou, 2010; Dong et al., 2010, 2011b, 2012a, 2014b, 2015, 2017b; Dong and Potenza, 2014; Weinstein and Lejoyeux, 2015; Wang L. et al., 2016a,b; Wang Y. et al., 2016b; Weinstein et al., 2017), yet, the…”
BackgroundSelf-citationEvent-Related Potentials in Substance Use Disorders
Campanella, S., Pogarell, O. M., & Boutros, N. N. (2013) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/1550059413495533 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
An fMRI study of cognitive control in problem gamers
Luijten, M., Meerkerk, G.-J., Franken, I. H. A., van de Wetering, B. J. M., & Schoenmakers, T. M. (2015) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.01.004 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Some studies, however, did not find impairments in behavioral inhibitory control in problem gamers (Dong et al., 2010; Ding et al., 2014).”
Gao, L., Zhang, J., Xie, H.-P., Nie, Y.-F., Zhao, Q.-B., & Zhou, Z. (2020) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106363 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
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“When faced with inhibition tasks, inhibition control among those with IA becomes inefficient, leading to excessive consumption of psychological resources (Dong et al., 2010) and increased ruminative thinking (Ma, Zhao, Wang, Yang, & Qian, 2013).”
BackgroundPezoa-Jares, R. E. (2012) · Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2155-6105.s6-004 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“[88] investigated response inhibition in subjects with IA by recording event-related brain potentials during a Go/NoGo task.”
MethodCampanella, S., Cimochowska, A., Kornreich, C., Hanak, C., Verbanck, P., & Petit, G. (2014) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s61475 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“11,16,48,50,65,66 The larger P3d amplitude in patients may hence attest to the need for additional neural resources recruitment required to perform the task correctly.”
Impact of social media use on executive function
Reed, P. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107598 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Internet addiction and functional brain networks: task-related fMRI study
Darnai, G., Perlaki, G., Zsido, A. N., Inhóf, O., Orsi, G., Horváth, R. A., Nagy, S. A., Lábadi, B., Tényi, D., Kovács, N., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52296-1 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Neurobiological Risk Factors for the Development of Internet Addiction in Adolescents
Tereshchenko, S. Y., & Каспаров, Э. В. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs9060062 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The analysis of the electric encephalogram event-related potentials showed a decreased time of response, which may be associated with the disturbance of voluntary regulation [42].”
BackgroundReduced fiber integrity and cognitive control in adolescents with internet gaming disorder
Xing, L., Yuan, K., Bi, Y., Yin, J., Cai, C., Feng, D., Li, Y., Song, M. K., Wang, H., Yu, D., et al. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.044 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Previous IGD studies have revealed cognitive impairments among online gamers by using cognitive control tasks, such as color-word Stroop task, GO/NOGO task and gambling task (Dong et al., 2010, 2011b, 2012, 2013, Yuan et al., 2013a, 2013b).”
MethodD’Hondt, F., Billieux, J., & Maurage, P. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.005 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Schiebener, J., Laier, C., & Brand, M. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/jba.4.2015.1.5 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“However, previous studies suggested that Internet addicts do not suffer from executive deficits in general (Dong, Lin, Zhou & Lu, 2013; Dong, Lu, Zhou & Zhao, 2010; Sun et al., 2009) but when they are confronted with material related to their specific addictive tendencies (Brand et al., 2014; Zhou,…”
BackgroundCognitive factors associated with gaming disorder
Billieux, J., Potenza, M. N., Maurage, P., Brevers, D., Brand, M., & King, D. L. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815298-0.00016-2 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Yan, H., Li, Q., Yu, K., & Zhao, G. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110242 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Wang, L., Wu, L., Lin, X., Zhang, Y., Zhou, H., Du, X., & Dong, G. (2016) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.07.001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Numerous previous studies have demonstrated that subjects with IGD are associated with impaired executive control ability (Dong et al., 2013b, 2015, 2010, 2011; Zhou et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAltered Structural Correlates of Impulsivity in Adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorder
Du, X., Qi, X., Yang, Y., Du, G., Gao, P., Zhang, Y., Qin, W., Li, X., & Zhang, Q. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00004 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | www.frontiersin.org 1 January 2016 | Volume 10 | Article 4 (Cao et al., 2007; Ko et al., 2009; Dong et al., 2010, 2011, 2013a,b; Zhou et al., 2012; Dong and Potenza, 2014).”
Relationship of Internet gaming disorder with dissociative experience in Italian university students
Pasquale, C. D., Dinaro, C., & Sciacca, F. (2018) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-018-0198-y · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“In more detail, the neurobiological bases of gaming addiction are similar to those of the chemicals’ addiction [7, 8].”
BackgroundTsai, J.-K., Lu, W.-H., Hsiao, R. C.-J., Hu, H., & Yen, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17134766 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Moreover, a Go/NoGo study reported that college students with IA had lower electrophysiological activation in the conflict detection stage than did those without IA [40], indicating that they had lower efficiency in information processing than did their peers without IA.”
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The relationship between autism quotient, anxiety, and internet addiction
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“Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown altered neural responses in the reward-related regions of the brain in individuals with internet addiction, including the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and striatum [21,29,30,32,33].”
BackgroundIs the I nternet gaming‐addicted brain close to be in a pathological state?
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“The local or interregional changes involving the frontal region appear to be specifically related to less efficient top-down inhibitory processes regarding poor impulse control in IGA (Dong & Zhou 2010; Dong et al. 2010, 2012a; Lorenz et al. 2013; Li et al. 2014).”
BackgroundPeng, C., Wang, M., Cheng, J., Tan, Y., Huang, Y., Rong, F., Kang, C., Ding, H., & Yu, Y. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106949 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dong, G., Lu, Q., Zhou, H., & Zhao, X.
- Affiliations
- Zhejiang Normal University (CN)
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dong, Guangheng
- Venue
- Neuroscience Letters
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 485
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 138-142
- ISSN
- 0304-3940 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2045800887
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 41.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Keywords
- internet addiction, response inhibition, impulse control, event-related potentials, go/no-go task, Nogo-N2, Nogo-P3, conflict detection, processing efficiency
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Neural Inhibition, Behavior, Addictive, Internet, Young Adult
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