Grey matter alterations associated with cannabis use: results of a VBM study in heavy cannabis users and healthy controls
Abstract
Cannabis abuse is related to impairments in a broad range of cognitive functions. However, studies on cannabis abuse in relation to brain structure are sparse and results are inconsistent, probably due to differences in imaging methodology, severity of cannabis abuse, and use of other substances. The goal of the current MRI study was to investigate brain morphology related to current and lifetime severity of cannabis use and dependence in heavy cannabis users without intensive use of other illicit drugs. Voxel-based morphometry was used to assess differences in regional grey and white matter volume between 33 heavy cannabis users and 42 matched controls. Within heavy cannabis users, grey and white matter volume was correlated with measures of cannabis use and dependence. Analyses were focused a priori on the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum, regions implicated in substance dependence and/or with high cannabinoid receptor-1 concentrations. Regional grey matter volume in the anterior cerebellum was larger in heavy cannabis users. Within the group of heavy cannabis users, grey matter volume in the amygdala and hippocampus correlated negatively with the amount of cannabis use or dependence. No associations were found between white matter volume and measures of cannabis use or dependence. These findings indicate that associations between heavy cannabis use and altered brain structure are complex. Differential patterns of structural changes for various cannabis use levels imply that alterations in brain structure are associated with specific characteristics of cannabis use and dependence.
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Research on cannabis abuse and white matter microstructure has produced conflicting results.
“Studies examining the relationship between cannabis abuse and white matter microstructure have yielded conflicting results (Cousijn et al., 2012).”
From Substance abuse and white matter: Findings, limitations, and future of diffusion tensor imaging research (2019) · cites this paper as Cousijn et al., 2012
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BackgroundInfluentialThe cerebellum and addiction: insights gained from neuroimaging research
Moulton, E. A., Elman, I., Becerra, L. R., Goldstein, R. Z., & Borsook, D. (2013) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12101 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“…studies (Matochik et al. 2005; Tzilos et al. 2005; Block et al. 2000a; Wilson et al. 2000; Medina, Nagel & Tapert 2010; Solowij et al. 2011; Cousijn et al. 2012), nor across resting state metabolism studies using positron emission tomography (PET) (Block et al. 2000b; Sneider et al. 2008).”
BackgroundCannabis use during adolescent development: Susceptibility to psychiatric illness
Chadwick, B., Miller, M. L., & Hurd, Y. L. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00129 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Neuropathology of substance use disorders
Cadet, J. L., Bisagno, V., & Milroy, C. M. (2013) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1221-7 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“Several groups of scientists have investigated the possibility that the drug might cause alterations in tissue volume, morphology, and composition in the brain [36, 118, 128, 182, 210].”
Cannabis-associated psychosis: Neural substrate and clinical impact
Murray, R. M., Englund, A., Abi‐Dargham, A., Lewis, D. A., Forti, M. D., Davies, C., Sherif, M. A., McGuire, P. K., & D’Souza, D. C. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.018 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Comparing CAT12 and VBM8 for Detecting Brain Morphological Abnormalities in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Farokhian, F., Beheshti, I., Sone, D., & Matsuda, H. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00428 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Lisdahl, K. M., Wright, N. E., Medina-Kirchner, C., Maple, K. E., & Shollenbarger, S. (2014) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0019-6 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Neural responses associated with cue‐reactivity in frequent cannabis users
Cousijn, J., Goudriaan, A. E., Ridderinkhof, K. R., van den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2012) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00417.x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationDon't Worry, Be Happy: Endocannabinoids and Cannabis at the Intersection of Stress and Reward
Volkow, N. D., Hampson, A. J., & Baler, R. (2016) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104615 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Burggren, A. C., Shirazi, A., Ginder, N., & London, E. D. (2019) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2019.1634086 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Marroun, H. E., Tiemeier, H. W., Franken, I. H. A., Jaddoe, V. W. V., van der Lugt, A., Verhulst, F. C., Lahey, B. B., & White, T. J. H. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.024 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Daily Marijuana Use Is Not Associated with Brain Morphometric Measures in Adolescents or Adults
Weiland, B. J., Thayer, R. E., Depue, B. E., Sabbineni, A., Bryan, A. D., & Hutchison, K. E. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2946-14.2015 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Voineskos, A. N., Mulsant, B. H., Dickie, E. W., Neufeld, N. H., Rothschild, A. J., Whyte, E. M., Meyers, B. S., Alexopoulos, G. S., Hoptman, M. J., Lerch, J. P., et al. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0036 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Cousijn, J., Wiers, R. W., Ridderinkhof, K. R., van den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22342 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationCohen, K., & Weinstein, A. M. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8030040 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“In addition, these alterations correlated with the amount of cannabis use and dependence [125].”
BackgroundFeature-ranking-based Alzheimer’s disease classification from structural MRI
Beheshti, I., & Demirel, H. (2015) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2015.11.009 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“, prefrontal areas) and provide explorative analysis of structural differences [48–50].”
BackgroundSchacht, J. P., Hutchison, K. E., & Filbey, F. M. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.92 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Lorenzetti, V., Chye, Y., Silva, P., Solowij, N., & Roberts, C. A. (2019) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-019-00979-1 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Mechanisms Underlying Sex Differences in Cannabis Use
Calakos, K. C., Bhatt, S., Foster, D. W., & Cosgrove, K. (2017) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-017-0174-7 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Miquel, M., Vazquez-Sanroman, D. B., Carbo‐Gas, M., Gil‐Miravet, I., Sanchis‐Segura, C., Carulli, D., Manzo, J. G., & Coria‐Ávila, G. A. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.005 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis: A Comprehensive Review of Current and Future Applications
Leinen, Z. J., Mohan, R., Premadasa, L. S., Acharya, A., Mohan, M., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11102630 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“…brain regions [33,34,75–77]. and internalizing problems However, most studies found that cannabis use decreased the volume In these studies, the most significant reduction in brain volume was detected in the orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and amygdala. of brain regions [33,34,75–77].”
BackgroundJacobus, J., Squeglia, L. M., Bava, S., & Tapert, S. F. (2013) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.07.014 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Nader, D. A., & Sanchez, Z. M. (2017) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2017.1306746 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Few studies assessed specific personality features (20,42,43,62,66), affect or mood states (19,49,51,56,63), anxiety (19,42,51,52,60,63,67), or depressive symptoms (19,22,29,30,40,48,51,52,60,61), all of which may have affected the results.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWinward, J. L., Hanson, K. L., Tapert, S. F., & Brown, S. A. (2014) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617714000666 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Prior observations in marijuana-using teens of abnormal cerebellar volumes and disrupted white matter integrity in both frontal and hippocampal regions may partly explain these differences in sustained attention, psychomotor speed, and verbal memory among marijuana-using youth (Ashtari et al., 2011; Churchwell, Lopez-…”
BackgroundRocchetti, M., Crescini, A., Borgwardt, S., Caverzasi, E., Politi, P., Atakan, Z., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2013) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12085 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“In particular, some of the included samples presented a significant history of alcohol abuse(30,36,29) or nicotine dependence.(30,29) Moreover, although we carefully excluded the presence of comorbid psychotic diagnoses, some samples were presenting other psychiatric problems, either diagnosed or self-reported.”
BackgroundCannabis and alcohol use, and the developing brain
Meruelo, A. D., Castro, N., Cota, C. I., & Tapert, S. F. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.025 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Grey Matter Volume Differences Associated with Extremely Low Levels of Cannabis Use in Adolescence
Orr, C., Spechler, P. A., Cao, Z., Albaugh, M. D., Chaarani, B., Mackey, S., D’Souza, D. C., Allgaier, N. A., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3375-17.2018 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“The human evidence, however, has been variable reporting both increases and decreases in brain volumes (Ashtari et al., 2011; Cousijn et al., 2012; Gilman et al., 2014), no volume differences (Jager et al.”
BackgroundDeconstructing the neurobiology of cannabis use disorder
Ferland, J.-M. N., & Hurd, Y. (2020) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-0611-0 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Jacobus, J., Squeglia, L. M., Meruelo, A. D., Castro, N., Brumback, T., Giedd, J. N., & Tapert, S. F. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.04.006 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“…al., 2011; Demirakca et al., 2011; Schacht et al., 2012) and others have identified macrostructural volume increases in CB1-dense brain regions such as neocortex, amygdala, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum (Cousijn et al., 2012; Gilman et al., 2014; McQueeny et al., 2011; Medina et al., 2010).”
BackgroundBehan, B., Connolly, C. G., Datwani, S., Doucet, M. V., Ivanović, J., Morioka, R., Stone, A., Watts, R., Smyth, B. P., & Garavan, H. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.027 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Hampton, W. H., Hanik, I. M., & Olson, I. R. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.005 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Studies examining the relationship between cannabis abuse and white matter microstructure have yielded conflicting results (Cousijn et al., 2012).”
ResultLorenzetti, V., Solowij, N., Fornito, A., Lubman, D. I., & Yücel, M. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/13816128113199990435 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“sporadically [13, 14, 17, 24-26, 28-31]; iii) on <50 lifetime occasions with no use during the past 12 months [34]; iv) if they abused or were dependent on cannabis [20].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEffects of Cannabis on Impulsivity: A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Findings
Wrege, J. S., Schmidt, A., Walter, A., Smieskova, R., Bendfeldt, K., Radue, E. W., Lang, U. E., & Borgwardt, S. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/13816128113199990428 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Some reports have described reduced grey matter in limbic areas [92, 93] and abnormal gyrification [94].”
Cousijn, J., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Ridderinkhof, K. R., van den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J., Porrino, L. J., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2012) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00498.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroimaging studies of acute effects of THC and CBD in humans and animals: a systematic review
Batalla, A., Crippa, J. A., Busatto, G. F., Guimaraes, F. S., Zuardi, A. W., Valverde, O., Atakan, Z., McGuire, P. K., Bhattacharyya, S., & Martín-Santos, R. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/13816128113199990432 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Cousijn, J., Goudriaan, A. E., Ridderinkhof, K. R., van den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J., & Wiers, R. W. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042394 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“The present study was part of a prospective fMRI study investigating the role of different neurocognitive and neuroimaging factors in the course of drug use in heavy cannabis users [7,29,30].”
BackgroundSelf-citationResidual effects of cannabis use in adolescent and adult brains — A meta-analysis of fMRI studies
Blest‐Hopley, G., Giampietro, V., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.008 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Beheshti, I., & Demirel, H. (2015) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.07.006 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Cannabis: A Treasure Trove or Pandora's Box?
Solymosi, K., & Köfalvi, A. (2016) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1389557516666161004162133 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Cannabis dependence, cognitive control and attentional bias for cannabis words
Cousijn, J., Watson, P., Koenders, L., Vingerhoets, W. A. M., Goudriaan, A. E., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.011 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationBhattacharjee, S., Kashyap, R., Goodwill, A. M., O'Brien, B. A., Rapp, B., Oishi, K., Desmond, J. E., & Chen, S. H. A. (2022) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2021.11.018 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“This step ensures that the tissue volumes get corrected for individual differences in brain size [76].”
Structural MRI-based detection of Alzheimer's disease using feature ranking and classification error
Beheshti, I., Demirel, H., Farokhian, F., Yang, C., & Matsuda, H. (2016) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.09.019 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Grey Matter Changes Associated with Heavy Cannabis Use: A Longitudinal sMRI Study
Koenders, L., Cousijn, J., Vingerhoets, W. A. M., van den Brink, W., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Meijer, C. J., Machielsen, M. W. J., Veltman, D. J., Goudriaan, A. E., & de Haan, L. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152482 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Our previously reported cross-sectional finding of a cluster with larger grey matter volume in the CB group compared to the HC group in the cerebellum [17] is still significant in the present sample at baseline (cluster size = 393, pFWE = .”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationShared Predisposition in the Association Between Cannabis Use and Subcortical Brain Structure
Pagliaccio, D., Barch, D. M., Bogdan, R., Wood, P. K., Lynskey, M. T., Heath, A. C., & Agrawal, A. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1054 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Longitudinal changes in white matter microstructure after heavy cannabis use
Becker, M. P., Collins, P. F., Lim, K. O., Muetzel, R. L., & Luciana, M. M. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.004 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Yanes, J. A., Riedel, M. C., Ray, K. L., Kirkland, A. E., Bird, R. T., Boeving, E. R., Reid, M. A., González, R., Robinson, J. L., Laird, A. R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881117744995 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“…2012; van Holst et al., 2014), cocaine (Jia et al., 2011), amphetamines (O’Daly et al., 2014), nicotine (Addicott et al., 2012), and cannabis (Abdullaeva et al., 2010; Acheson et al., 2015; Cousijn et al., 2012a; Enzi et al., 2015; Hester et al., 2009; Nestor et al., 2010; van Hell et al., 2010).”
Cannabis use, cognition and brain structure in first-episode psychosis
Cunha, P. J., Rosa, P. G. P., Ayres, A. M., Duran, F., Santos, L. C., Scazufca, M., Menezes, P. R., dos Santos, B., Murray, R. M., Crippa, J. A. S., et al. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.009 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“However, studies about Cannabis effects on human brain structure have provided heterogeneous and inconclusive data (Block et al., 2000;Matochik et al., 2005; Tzilos et al., 2005; Jager et al., 2007; Szeszko et al., 2007; Yücel et al., 2008;Wobrock et al., 2009; Lorenzetti et al., 2010; Martín-Santos et al., 2010; Cous…”
The Impact of Combinations of Alcohol, Nicotine, and Cannabis on Dynamic Brain Connectivity
Vergara, V. M., Weiland, B. J., Hutchison, K. E., & Calhoun, V. D. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.280 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Structural studies found a series of axonal impairment in the hippocampus (fornix), splenium, commissural fibers (Zalesky et al, 2012), and morphological changes in the amygdala (Cousijn et al, 2012), cerebellum (Cousijn et al, 2012; Medina et al, 2010), and prefrontal cortex (Medina et al, 2009).”
BackgroundThe cerebellum and neuropsychiatric disorders
Villanueva, R. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.02.023 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Discrepancies have been be explained by differences in imaging methodology and by differences in the severity of cannabis abuse or by the use of other substances in combinationwith the cannabis (see, Cousijn et al., 2012).”
BackgroundRubinow, M. J., Mahajan, G., May, W., Overholser, J. C., Jurjus, G., Dieter, L., Herbst, N. P., Steffens, D. C., Miguel-Hidalgo, J. J., Rajkowska, G., et al. (2014) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0900-z · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Two MDD subjects met DSM-IV criteria for cannabis dependence; there are conflicting reports on whether heavy cannabis use affects amygdala morphology (Ashtari et al. 2011; Cousijn et al. 2012).”
BackgroundJacobus, J., Squeglia, L. M., Sorg, S. F., Nguyen‐Louie, T. T., & Tapert, S. F. (2014) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2014.75.729 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Voineskos, A. N., Hawco, C. S., Neufeld, N. H., Turner, J. A., Ameis, S. H., Anticevic, A., Buchanan, R. W., Cadenhead, K. S., Dazzan, P., Dickie, E. W., et al. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21159 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Many patients use substances and are often excluded from research, because these substances may act on the same systems as the illness itself 441,442 .”
BackgroundCannabis, Cigarettes, and Their Co-Occurring Use: Disentangling Differences in Gray Matter Volume
Wetherill, R. R., Jagannathan, K., Hager, N., Childress, A. R., Rao, H., & Franklin, T. R. (2015) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv061 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Unlike two previous studies among cannabis-using adult (Cousijn et al., 2012) and adolescent populations (Medina et al.”
Combined effects of marijuana and nicotine on memory performance and hippocampal volume
Filbey, F. M., McQueeny, T. M., Kadamangudi, S., Bice, C., & Ketcherside, A. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.029 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Filbey, F. M., McQueeny, T. M., DeWitt, S. J., & Mishra, V. R. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.001 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
White Matter Integrity Pre- and Post Marijuana and Alcohol Initiation in Adolescence
Jacobus, J., Squeglia, L. M., Infante, M., Bava, S., & Tapert, S. F. (2013) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci3010396 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Other laboratories report dose-dependent relationships with temporal lobe structures such as hippocampus and amygdala [47] and alterations in cortical thickness [27] in frontal and parietal regions.”
BackgroundThe neurobiology of addiction: the perspective from magnetic resonance imaging present and future
John Suckling, A., & Nestor, L. J. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13474 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“White matter differences have been difficult to observe with whole-brain VBM in heavy cannabis users [22] and cocaine addiction addicts [23].”
BackgroundLichenstein, S. D., Manco, N., Cope, L. M., Egbo, L., Garrison, K. A., Hardee, J., Hillmer, A. T., Reeder, K., Stern, E. F., Worhunsky, P., et al. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01226-9 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Effect of high-potency cannabis on corpus callosum microstructure
Rigucci, S., Marques, T. R., Forti, M. D., Taylor, H., Dell’Acqua, F., Mondelli, V., Bonaccorso, S., Simmons, A., David, A. S., Girardi, P., et al. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715002342 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“However, other studies that have used self-report measures have also shown an association with brain structural alterations (Yücel et al. 2008; Cousijn et al. 2012).”
ResultGrodin, E. N., Lin, H., Durkee, C. A., Hommer, D. W., & Momenan, R. (2013) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.03.013 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“, 2002), heavy cannabis users (Cousijn et al., 2012), methamphetamine abusers (Schwartz et al.”
BackgroundCheng, H., Skosnik, P. D., Pruce, B., Brumbaugh, M., Vollmer, J. M., Fridberg, D. J., O’Donnell, B. F., Hetrick, W. P., & Newman, S. D. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114550354 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“For example, it has been shown that heavy cannabis use is able to induce changes in brain structures such as the hippocampus, precentral gyrus, fusiform gyrus and cerebellum (Cousijn et al., 2012; Matochik et al., 2005; Yücel et al., 2008), and alter brain functions in various regions such as the medial and dorsal par…”
BackgroundRoberts, B. (2019) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2019.4.39935 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Preliminary in vivo evidence of lower hippocampal synaptic density in cannabis use disorder
D’Souza, D. C., Radhakrishnan, R., Naganawa, M., Ganesh, S., Nabulsi, N., Najafzadeh, S., Ropchan, J., Ranganathan, M., Cortes-Briones, J., Huang, Y., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00891-4 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Neuroimaging of the dopamine/reward system in adolescent drug use
Ernst, M., & Luciana, M. M. (2015) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852915000395 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Jan, R. K., Lin, J. C., Miles, S. W., Kydd, R. R., & Russell, B. (2012) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci2040553 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“For example, the cannabis users in this study were also nicotine dependent and scored significantly higher than the control group for depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms [61].”
BackgroundResultTustison, N. J., Holbrook, A. J., Avants, B., Roberts, J. M., Cook, P. A., Reagh, Z. M., Duda, J., Stone, J. R., Gillen, D. L., Yassa, M. A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190283 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“This preprocessing step has been used in a variety of imaging studies for enhancing segmentation-based protocols including hippocampal and ventricle segmentation [54], voxel-based morphometry in cannabis users [55], and anterior temporal lobe GM volume in bilingual adults [56].”
Blest‐Hopley, G., Giampietro, V., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.026 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“, 2013), in particular decreased volume in the hippocampus (Chye et al., 2018; Cousijn et al., 2012; Matochik et al., 2005), that persisted after a prolonged abstinence in some (Ashtari et al.”
Marijuana effects on changes in brain structure and cognitive function among HIV+ and HIV− adults
Thames, A. D., Kuhn, T. P., Williamson, T. J., Jones, J. D., Mahmood, Z., & Hammond, A. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.007 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cortical thinness and volume differences associated with marijuana abuse in emerging adults
Mashhoon, Y., Sava, S., Sneider, J. T., Nickerson, L. D. H., & Silveri, M. M. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.016 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“, 1991), also were selected for volumetric analysis based on evidence that MJ users exhibit functional and neurochemical alterations in these regions related to marijuana use (Ashtari et al., 2011; Bolla et al., 2005; Cousijn et al., 2012; Demirakca et al., 2011; Gilman et al., 2014; Glass et al., 1997; Hester et al.,…”
Lisdahl, K. M., Tamm, L., Epstein, J. N., Jernigan, T. L., Molina, B. S. G., Hinshaw, S. P., Swanson, J. M., Newman, E. R., Kelly, C. A. M., Bjork, J. M., et al. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.032 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…2011; orenzetti et al., 2015; Mata et al., 2010; McQueeny et al., 2011; edina et al., 2009, 2010, 2007b; Schacht et al., 2012; Yücel et al., 008; Cousijn et al., 2012; Price et al., 2015), with the most promi- Please cite this article in press as: Lisdahl, K.M., et al., The i of regular…”
BackgroundRando, K., Chaplin, T. M., Potenza, M. N., Mayes, L. C., & Sinha, R. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.030 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“consistent with reports that marijuana use by adolescents was associated with larger cerebellar volume (72;73), and suggest that PCE and adolescent substance use may have distinct effects on GMV.”
Brain structural changes in cannabis dependence: association with MAGL
Manza, P., Yuan, K., Kojori, E. S., Tomasi, D. G., & Volkow, N. D. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0577-z · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Navarri, X., Afzali, M. H., Lavoie, J., Sinha, R., Stein, D. J., Momenan, R., Veltman, D. J., Korucuoglu, O., Sjoerds, Z., van Holst, R. J., et al. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25114 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Other studies reported cannabis use and misuse associated with bilateral volumetric reductions in the hippocampus (Ashtari et al., 2011; Matochik et al., 2005; Yücel et al., 2008) and amygdala (Cousijn et al., 2012; Yücel et al., 2008).”
Self-citationKaag, A. M., Schulte, M. H. J., Jansen, J. M., van Wingen, G. A., Homberg, J. R., van den Brink, W., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Schmaal, L., Goudriaan, A. E., & Reneman, L. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.010 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“While, the current finding does replicate some other negative studies (Cousijn et al., 2012; Haller et al., 2013), we may have had too little statistical power to demonstrate a significant relation between cannabis use and cortical GM volume (as only 6% of the current sample actually smoked cannabis).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationCerebellar alterations in cannabis users: A systematic review
Blithikioti, C., Miquel, L., Batalla, A., Ballester, B. R., Maffei, G., Herreros, I., Gual, A., Verschure, P. F. M. J., & Balcells‐Oliveró, M. (2019) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12714 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Structural cerebellar differences due to chronic cannabis use 50,53 were found in five of the studies included in this review, with increases in cerebellar GM volume being the most consistent finding.(15,48,50) A possible explanation for this GM increase is that cannabis use might disrupt cerebellar gray matter prunin…”
BackgroundAbboussi, O., Tazi, A., Païzanis, E., & Ganouni, S. E. (2014) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2014.02.014 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Chye, Y., Solowij, N., Suo, C., Batalla, A., Cousijn, J., Goudriaan, A. E., Martín‐Santos, R., Whittle, S., Lorenzetti, V., & Yücel, M. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4606-9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“The caudate volume was not affected by either CB use or dependence, in line with previous studies on CB use (Cousijn et al. 2012; Gilman et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationADHD and cannabis use in young adults examined using fMRI of a Go/NoGo task
MTA Neuroimaging Group, Rasmussen, J. M., Casey, B. J., van Erp, T. G. M., Tamm, L., Epstein, J. N., Buß, C., Bjork, J. M., Molina, B. S. G., Velanova, K., et al. (2015) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-015-9438-9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“2011), and cerebellar vermis (Cousijn et al. 2012) has been”
Alteration to hippocampal volume and shape confined to cannabis dependence: a multi‐site study
Chye, Y., Lorenzetti, V., Suo, C., Batalla, A., Cousijn, J., Goudriaan, A. E., Jenkinson, M., Martín‐Santos, R., Whittle, S., Yücel, M., et al. (2018) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12652 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“This contrasts previous reports of a dose-dependent association between hippocampal volume and cannabis dosage (Yücel et al. 2008; Ashtari et al. 2011; Cousijn et al. 2012).”
ResultSelf-citationTelling true from false: cannabis users show increased susceptibility to false memories
Riba, J., Valle, M., Sampedro, F., Rodríguez-Pujadas, A., Martínez-Horta, S., Kulisevsky, J., & Rodríguez-Fornells, A. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.36 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Altered cortical maturation in adolescent cannabis users with and without schizophrenia
Epstein, K. A., & Kumra, S. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.029 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Schizophrenia Research j ourna l homepage: www.e lsev ie r .com/ locate /schres (Cousijn et al., 2012; Squeglia et al., 2009) and atypical development (Jarvis et al., 2008).”
MethodLongitudinal study of hippocampal volumes in heavy cannabis users
Koenders, L., Lorenzetti, V., de Haan, L., Suo, C., Vingerhoets, W. A. M., van den Brink, W., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Meijer, C. J., Machielsen, M. W. J., Goudriaan, A. E., et al. (2017) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881117718380 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Importantly, in line with the present study, many other cross sectional studies found no evidence for smaller hippocampal volumes in cannabis users (Ashtari et al., 2011; Block et al., 2000; Cousijn et al., 2012; Demirakca et al., 2011; Gilman et al., 2014; Lorenzetti et al., 2015; Matochik et al., 2005; Medina et al.…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationThe effects of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) on brain structure and function
Livny, A., Cohen, K., Tik, N., Tsarfaty, G., Rosca, P., & Weinstein, A. M. (2018) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.07.095 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cannabis users exhibit increased cortical activation during resting state compared to non-users
Prashad, S., Dedrick, E. S., & Filbey, F. M. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.031 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“, 2008), but increased volume in the cerebellum (Cousijn et al., 2012), as well as changes in white matter integrity (Arnone et al.”
BackgroundCannabis use in youth is associated with limited alterations in brain structure
Scott, J. C., Rosen, A. F. G., Moore, T. M., Roalf, D. R., Satterthwaite, T. D., Calkins, M. E., Ruparel, K., Gur, R. E., & Gur, R. C. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0347-2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“While three studies found larger volumes of cerebellar structures in adolescent frequent cannabis users [13, 21, 22], three report equivocal findings or decreases in cerebellar volumes [17, 23, 24].”
BackgroundResultPros and Cons of Medical Cannabis use by People with Chronic Brain Disorders
Suryadevara, U., Bruijnzeel, D. M., Nuthi, M., Jagnarine, D. A., Tandon, R., & Bruijnzeel, A. W. (2017) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666161101095325 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Cannabis use-induced decreases in brain volume have been reported for the orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and amygdala [69, 73-76].”
BackgroundThalamic and Cerebellar Gray Matter Volume Reduction in Synthetic Cannabinoids Users
Nurmedov, S., Metin, B., Ekmen, Ş., Noyan, C. O., Yılmaz, O., Darçın, A. E., & Dılbaz, N. (2015) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000430437 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Pre- and perinatal hypoxia associated with hippocampus/amygdala volume in bipolar disorder
Haukvik, U. K., McNeil, T. F., Lange, E. H., Melle, I. S., Dale, A. M., Andreassen, O. A., & Agartz, I. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001529 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“On the other hand, hippocampal volume may be reduced in alcohol dependence (Agartz et al. 1999; De Bellis et al. 2000) and heavy cannabis use (Cousijn et al. 2012), as well as in several mental disorders including schizophrenia (Adriano et al. 2012; Shepherd et al. 2012), unipolar depression…”
Suárez‐Pinilla, P., Roiz‐Santiáñez, R., de la Foz, V. O., Guest, P. C., Ayesa‐Arriola, R., Córdova‐Palomera, A., Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez, D., & Crespo‐Facorro, B. (2015) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.05.005 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Batalla, A., Soriano‐Mas, C., López‐Solà, M., Torrens, M., Crippa, J. A., Bhattacharyya, S., Blanco‐Hinojo, L., Fagundo, A. B., Harrison, B. J., Nogué, S., et al. (2013) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12027 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…et al. 2005; Yücel et al. 2008) have demonstrated reductions in medial temporal brain regions, while samples with a relatively lower quantity of smoked cannabis, more similar to our sample, have exhibited no morphological changes (Wilson et al. 2000; Lorenzetti et al. 2010; Cousijn et al. 2012).”
BackgroundResult
- Authors
- Cousijn, J., Wiers, R. W., Ridderinkhof, K. R., van den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J., & Goudriaan, A. E.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Cousijn, Janna
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 3845-3851
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2064378998
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 11.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research–Health Research and Development, ZON-Mw
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, heavy cannabis users, gray matter volume, white matter volume, brain structure, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, CB1 receptor, substance dependence, cognitive impairment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Marijuana Abuse, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Organ Size, Severity of Illness Index, Young Adult, Neuroimaging
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