Reaching out towards cannabis: approach-bias in heavy cannabis users predicts changes in cannabis use

Cousijn, Janna; Goudriaan, Anna E.; Wiers, Reinout W.

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03475.x

Cited by 216Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesSmoking Behavior and Cessation

Reaching out towards cannabis: approach-bias in heavy cannabis users predicts changes in cannabis use

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Cousijn, Janna, Goudriaan, Anna E., Wiers, Reinout W.·2011·Addiction

DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03475.xPMC PMC3178782

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Abstract

Aims Repeated drug exposure can lead to an approach‐bias, i.e. the relatively automatically triggered tendencies to approach rather that avoid drug‐related stimuli. Our main aim was to study this approach‐bias in heavy cannabis users with the newly developed cannabis Approach Avoidance Task (cannabis‐AAT) and to investigate the predictive relationship between an approach‐bias for cannabis‐related materials and levels of cannabis use, craving, and the course of cannabis use. Design, settings and participants Cross‐sectional assessment and six‐month follow‐up in 32 heavy cannabis users and 39 non‐using controls. Measurements Approach and avoidance action‐tendencies towards cannabis and neutral images were assessed with the cannabis AAT. During the AAT, participants pulled or pushed a joystick in response to image orientation. To generate additional sense of approach or avoidance, pulling the joystick increased picture size while pushing decreased it. Craving was measured pre‐ and post‐test with the multi‐factorial Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MCQ). Cannabis use frequencies and levels of dependence were measured at baseline and after a six‐month follow‐up. Findings Heavy cannabis users demonstrated an approach‐bias for cannabis images, as compared to controls. The approach‐bias predicted changes in cannabis use at six‐month follow‐up. The pre‐test MCQ emotionality and expectancy factor were associated negatively with the approach‐bias. No effects were found on levels of cannabis dependence. Conclusions Heavy cannabis users with a strong approach‐bias for cannabis are more likely to increase their cannabis use. This approach‐bias could be used as a predictor of the course of cannabis use to identify individuals at risk from increasing cannabis use.

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Multiple studies indicate that addicted subjects react faster when they have to approach the drug-related stimuli as compared to non-addicted individuals or compared to the avoidance condition.
“Multiple studies indicate that addicted subjects react faster when they have to approach the drug-related stimuli as compared to non-addicted individuals or compared to the avoidance condition (Cousijn et al., 2012;Cousijn et al., 2011;Wiers et al., 2013).”
From Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model (2016) · cites this paper as Cousijn et al., 2011

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Authors: Cousijn, J., Goudriaan, A. E., & Wiers, R. W.
Affiliations: Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
University of Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Cousijn, Janna
ORCID: Cousijn, Janna
Goudriaan, Anna E.
Wiers, Reinout W.
Venue: Addiction
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2011-08-05
Volume: 106
Issue: 9
Pages: 1667-1674
ISSN: 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
1360-0443
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03475.x
PMC: PMC3178782
OpenAlex: W2160224213
Cited by: 216
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 9.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Addiction (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Keywords: approach bias, cannabis use, heavy cannabis users, drug craving, cannabis use disorder, approach-avoidance tendencies, risk prediction
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Avoidance Learning, Marijuana Abuse, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cues, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Netherlands, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Smoking, Behavior, Addictive, Disease Progression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult

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Reaching out towards cannabis: approach-bias in heavy cannabis users predicts changes in cannabis use

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