Neural control and modulation of swimming speed in the larval zebrafish

May combine two claims.

The nMLF is a midbrain cluster of reticulospinal cells whose dendrites reach retino-recipient areas and whose axons project to the spinal cord.

“a cluster of RS cells in the midbrain which extends dendrites toward retino-recipient areas, and projects its axons to the spinal cord ((Gahtan et al., 2005; Kimmel et al., 1982) Wang and McLean, co-submission).”

• cites Gahtan et al., 2005 sourceSupported
• cites Kimmel et al., 1982 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Activity in this optically accessible reticulospinal population has been associated with locomotion evoked by various sensory stimuli.

“The activity of this optically accessible population has been linked with locomotion in response to a variety of sensory stimuli (Huang et al., 2013; Kimura et al., 2013; Koyama et al., 2011).”

• cites Huang et al., 2013 sourceSupported
• cites Kimura et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report that hindbrain reticulospinal V2a neurons were active during swimming, and that optogenetic activation evoked swimming. But the recorded activity was during spontaneous swimming; the paper does not establish activity during locomotion evoked by a variety of sensory stimuli. The light used for optogenetic activation was not presented as a sensory stimulus. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Koyama et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In the optomotor response, larvae swim and turn in response to whole-field visual motion to keep a stable position relative to their visual surroundings.

“One of these innate sensory-driven locomotor behaviors is the optomotor response (OMR) (Bilotta, 2000; Neuhauss et al., 1999) in which larvae respond to whole-field visual motion (Maaswinkel and Li, 2003; Orger et al., 2000) by swimming and turning to maintain a stable position with respect to their visual environment (Portugues and Engert, 2009).”

• cites Portugues and Engert, 2009 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many morphological classes and genetic identities of spinal interneurons have been identified across vertebrate model organisms.

“Many morphological classes of these interneurons and their genetic identities have been identified across vertebrate model organisms (Goulding, 2009; Hale et al., 2001; Roberts et al., 2010)”

• cites Goulding, 2009 sourceSupported
• cites Hale et al., 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Roberts et al., 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In lamprey, olfactory input reaches RS cells via the olfactory epithelium, posterior tuberculum, and MLR.

“Olfactory inputs to motor control centers have been established in the lamprey from the olfactory epithelium to the RS cells, passing through the posterior tuberculum and the MLR (Figure 8) (Derjean D, 2010).”

• cites Derjean D, 2010 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The larval zebrafish OMR consists of orientation and locomotor responses to whole-field visual motion.

“The OMR in larval zebrafish is comprised of orientation and locomotor movements in response to whole-field visual motion patterns”

• cites Muto et al., 2005 sourceSupported
• cites Neuhauss et al., 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Maaswinkel and Li, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The pretectum has been identified as involved in whole-field motion processing in zebrafish.

“recently identified as involved in processing whole-field motion in zebrafish (Kubo et al., 2014; Portugues et al., 2014).”

• cites Kubo et al., 2014 sourceSupported
• cites Portugues et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Functional studies have shown distinct activity patterns among identified interneuron types and their roles in rhythmic locomotor generation.

“functional studies have revealed distinct patterns of activity across these identified interneuron types and their role in the generation of rhythmic locomotor patterns (Crone et al., 2009; Gosgnach et al., 2006; Wyart et al., 2009).”

• cites Crone et al., 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gosgnach et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wyart et al., 2009 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract reports that activating KA cells induced rhythmic swimming, while silencing them reduced spontaneous swimming; the discussion says KA cells can drive the spinal CPG. The paper therefore supports a role for an identified cell type in locomotion, but it does not itself establish distinct activity patterns across multiple identified interneuron types. The discussion describes activity correlations from prior studies rather than presenting them as this study's finding. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Xenopus, descending GABAergic stopping neurons or adenosine build-up may help terminate bouts.

“In Xenopus, dedicated descending GABAergic “stopping” neurons (Li et al., 2003) or build-up of adenosine (Dale, 2002) may contribute to bout termination.”

• cites Li et al., 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Dale, 2002 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Neuromodulators are thought to be present around the nMLF, including TH- and 5-HT-positive terminals and dopaminergic and noradrenergic tracts.

“There are other neuromodulators thought to be present in the area immediately surrounding the nMLF, with identified terminals positive for TH and 5-HT (McLean and Fetcho, 2004), and dopaminergic and noradrenergic tracts targeting the area (Tay et al., 2011)”

• cites McLean and Fetcho, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Tay et al., 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The Results sections on Otp-dependent DA neurons and hindbrain NA neurons describe dopaminergic projections to the hindbrain and spinal cord and widespread noradrenergic projections. They do not identify either type of tract as targeting the area immediately surrounding the nMLF. The TH- and 5-HT-positive terminals are attributed to a different citation in the citing sentence, so they are not part of this verdict. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Above 10 mm/s, average tail-beat frequency rises, and it is modulated only for bouts elicited by gratings faster than 10 mm/s.

“whereas the increase beyond 10 mm/s is accompanied by a rise in the average tail-beat frequency (TBF) which was only modulated for bouts elicited by a grating moving faster than 10 mm/s (Figure 1G).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The nMLF is a midbrain nucleus with about 20 neurons on each side.

“The nMLF is a nucleus located in the midbrain consisting of ~20 neurons on each side (Figure 4A, Movie S2).”

May combine two claims.

From 0 to 10 mm/s, slow bouts become longer and faster, cover more distance, and the interbout interval shortens.

“As the grating speed increased from 0 to 10 mm/s, the duration of these bouts increased as did their speed, resulting in bouts that spanned a greater distance, and the interbout interval was reduced.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The kinematic values from stimulation fall in a similar range to those from freely swimming and restrained larvae responding to drifting gratings.

“It is worth noting that the kinematic values for the data in Figure 5 have a similar range to the data in freely swimming and restrained larvae swimming in response to drifting gratings (Figures 1,3).”

May combine two claims.

In the head-restrained open-loop setup, faster gratings increase bout duration and reduce interbout duration and swimming initiation latency, as in freely swimming larvae.

“Larvae viewing drifting gratings in this open-loop setup increased the duration of bouts (Figure 3A) and decreased both the interbout duration (Figure 3B) and the latency to initiate swimming (Figure 3C) with increasing grating speed, consistent with the behavior of freely swimming larvae.”

May combine two claims.

At fast speeds, freely swimming larvae often produce bouts with maximum tail-beat frequencies above 65 Hz, which restrained larvae rarely do.

“At fast speeds, freely swimming larvae executed bouts that contain maximum TBFs often exceeding 65 Hz, which was rarely observed in restrained larvae.”

May combine two claims.

From 10 to 40 mm/s, fast bouts are recruited more often, and their tail-beat frequency and speed rise with grating speed.

“As the stimulus speed increased from 10 to 40 mm/s, these fast bouts were recruited more frequently. Their TBF and speed increased with grating speed resulting in more vigorous bouts.”

May combine two claims.

Raising pulse frequency, but not current, increases bout duration and maximum tail-beat frequency.

“Increasing the current had no significant effect (data not shown) but increasing the pulse frequency resulted in an increase in bout duration (Figure 5C) and an increase in maximum TBF (Figure 5D).”

May combine two claims.

Both bout types show progressive changes in speed and distance with grating speed, but slow bouts stop increasing at a bout speed slightly below 20 mm/s and a distance of about 4 mm.

“Both bout types showed a progressive modulation of speed and distance (Figure 2E, G) in response to different grating speeds, although slow bouts plateaued at just under 20 mm/s bout speed and 4 mm bout distance.”

May combine two claims.

Small nMLF cell responses look similar across speeds, and their latency decreases slightly less as grating speed rises.

“small cell responses appeared to be similar across speeds and their latency was found to decrease slightly less as grating speed increases (Figure 6E).”

May combine two claims.

At 10 mm/s, slow-bout rate and performance reach a ceiling and larvae start recruiting fast bouts.

“When grating speeds reached 10 mm/s, the rate and performance of slow bouts saturated and larvae began recruiting fast bouts.”

May combine two claims.

Faster gratings make larvae produce bouts more often; interbout duration falls from 1 s with a stationary grating to 200 ms when the grating moves faster than 10 mm/s.

“A faster grating led larvae not only to modulate their swim bouts, but to elicit them more often: an interbout duration of 1 s for a stationary grating became 200 ms by the time the grating moved faster than 10 mm/s (Figure 1H).”

May combine two claims.

Larvae track grating speeds as high as 20 mm/s, yet their swimming speed stops increasing for faster gratings.

“Over the course of a trial lasting several seconds (Figure 1C), they were able to match grating speeds up to 20 mm/s but their speed plateaus for gratings moving at faster velocities (Figure 1D).”

May combine two claims.

The maximum tail-beat frequency distribution in restrained larvae matches freely swimming larvae at slow speeds but differs significantly at fast grating speeds.

“The shape of these distributions matches that observed in freely swimming larvae (Figure 3D) for slow speeds but differs significantly at fast grating speeds.”

May combine two claims.

Mean and maximum tail-beat frequency stay relatively constant for slow bouts but change strongly with grating speed for fast bouts; bout duration shows the reverse pattern.

“Mean and maximum TBF (Figure 2H, I) were relatively constant for slow bouts, but were strongly modulated with grating speed for fast bouts, while the opposite was true of bout duration (Fig. 2F).”

May combine two claims.

In all ten larvae, failure to evoke a behavioral response always coincided with failure to evoke a calcium response, and activation was either bilateral across the whole nucleus or absent.

“In all larvae (n = 10) we observed that a failure to elicit a behavioral response always correlated with failure to elicit a calcium response, and we always saw either bilateral activation of the entire nucleus across both sides of the midline or no activity at all.”

May combine two claims.

As grating speed rises, the original cluster shifts progressively and a second cluster appears, so fast-grating trials show two distinct distributions with little overlap.

“As the grating speed increased the original cluster shifts progressively in this space indicating a modulation of the slow swim bout, and in addition a second cluster emerged such that for fast-moving grating trials two distinct distributions with minimal overlap were observed (Figure 2B).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MeM responses were generally smaller than MeL responses.

“the responses measured in MeMs were generally smaller than those measured in the MeLs.”

May combine two claims.

Only a subset of small nMLF cells responded, and that responding fraction stayed near 80% across grating speeds.

“only a fraction of small cells responded but this fraction remained constant at around 80% across grating speeds.”

May combine two claims.

No lateralized differences in nMLF calcium responses were found, so left and right examples were pooled.

“We observed no lateralized differences in responses so examples from the left and right sides of the midline were pooled.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both axial and pectoral fin motifs were observed in the electrical stimulation preparation when fins were unrestrained.

“We observe both these motifs in the electrical stimulation preparation when the fins are unrestrained (data not shown).”

May combine two claims.

Activity in identified nMLF neurons correlates with the visual stimulus and with behavioral elements that mark changing locomotor speed.

“We observe correlations between activity in identified nMLF neurons and both the visual stimulus and the specific behavioral elements we identify as signatures of changing locomotor speed.”

May combine two claims.

MeLr activity correlated with bout duration, and MeLc activity correlated with maximum TBF.

“The activity in MeLr and MeLc correlated well with bout duration and maximum TBF respectively”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The nMLF is multimodal, responds to many stimuli and during spontaneous swimming, and is thought to be involved in a wide range of locomotion intensities.

“This structure is known to be multi-modal and is active in response to a variety of stimuli as well as during spontaneous swimming, and is further believed to be implicated in a broad range of intensities of locomotion (Sankrithi and O'Malley, 2010).”

• cites Sankrithi and O'Malley, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Subcortical pathways that initiate and control locomotion through the basal ganglia are conserved anatomically and functionally across vertebrates.

“Critical subcortical pathways for the initiation and control of locomotion via the basal ganglia are conserved throughout the vertebrate lineage both anatomically and functionally (Grillner et al., 2013).”

• cites Grillner et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The larval zebrafish reticulospinal population contains about 300 neurons, many of which can be identified individually.

“In the larval zebrafish, the RS population consists of around 300 neurons, many of which are individually identifiable (Kimmel et al., 1982).”

• cites Kimmel et al., 1982 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The nMLF ablation deficit affects all recorded parameters-bout duration, maximum tail-beat frequency, bout distance and bout speed-indicating a general problem in modulating swimming speed across many grating speeds, while controls show no deficit.

“This finding applied to all of the parameters we recorded, including bout duration, maximum TBF, bout distance and bout speed, indicating a general deficit in modulation of swimming speed in response to a large range of grating speeds as compared to controls which showed no deficit.”

May combine two claims.

In the restrained preparation, larvae perform the optomotor response robustly across grating speeds but mainly by modulating slow bouts.

“These frequencies are those associated with fast bouts, from which we conclude that in the restrained preparation larvae robustly perform the OMR to gratings moving at different speeds, but do so mainly by modulation of slow bouts.”

May combine two claims.

Slow bouts use varying numbers of oscillations at a fixed tail-beat frequency, making them longer, while fast bouts use varying tail-beat frequencies over a fixed duration.

“In summary, during slow bouts larvae performed different numbers of oscillatory cycles at the same TBF resulting in longer bouts, whereas for fast bouts larvae swam with different TBFs over a fixed duration.”

May combine two claims.

Eight nMLF neurons are larger than the rest, with one each of MeLr, MeLc, MeLm and MeM in each half of the brain.

“Eight of the nMLF neurons are larger in size than the others, MeLr, MeLc, MeLm and MeM, with one of each type in each half of the brain (Kimmel et al., 1982).”

• cites Kimmel et al., 1982 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Reticulospinal neurons excite spinal central pattern generators by activating NMDA receptors that are essential for initiating rhythmic locomotion.

“RS neurons excite spinal CPGs (Buchanan and Grillner, 1987; Deliagina et al., 2002; Jordan, 1998) by activating NMDA receptors essential to initiate rhythmic locomotion (Hagglund et al., 2010; McDearmid and Drapeau, 2006; Roberts et al., 2008).”

• cites Buchanan and Grillner, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Deliagina et al., 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Jordan, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

At slower speeds, bout duration, interbout duration and latency contribute; at faster speeds, tail-beat frequency is the main contributor.

“Changes in bout duration, interbout duration and latency appear to contribute at slower speeds, while changes in TBF are the major contributor at faster speeds.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region can start locomotion and works across walking, flying and swimming.

“One such motor structure is the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), an area where electrical stimulation can initiate locomotion, as first demonstrated in cats nearly 50 years ago, and which functions across locomotor modalities, including walking, flying, and swimming (Cabelguen JM, 2003; Kashin SM, 1974; Shik ML, 1966; Steeves, 1986).”

• cites Cabelguen JM, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kashin SM, 1974 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Shik ML, 1966Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The MLR has not been identified in zebrafish, and larval immunostaining has not revealed midbrain cholinergic cell clusters.

“The MLR has yet to be identified in the zebrafish, with no unidentified midbrain clusters of cholinergic cells observed in larval immunostaining (Arenzana et al., 2005).”

• cites Arenzana et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

All four large nMLF cell types have activity related to motor output, but they do so in different ways.

“activity in all four types of large nMLF cell was related to motor output but differently so.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The large nMLF cell classes MeLr, MeLc, MeLm, and MeM are stable functional categories that can be compared across larvae.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The RS array could act as an integration center for sensory cues that guide navigation.

“With these various sensory modalities providing inputs, the RS array could serve as an integration center for sensory cues directing navigation of the environment.”

May combine two claims.

Larvae with impaired nMLF function may poorly regulate bout duration and TBF, which could reduce their hunting ability.

“We suggest based on our findings that larvae lacking proper nMLF function may be unable to regulate bout duration and TBF well, reducing their capability to hunt.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The slow swim maneuver is a locomotor gait that combines axial movement with alternating pectoral fin movement.

“which constitutes a locomotor gait based on axial movement in conjunction with an alternating pectoral fin pattern (Green et al., 2011).”

• cites Green et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The dorsal-ventral position of these excitatory interneurons correlates with the lowest swimming frequency at which they are active.

“The dorsal-ventral position of these excitatory interneurons is correlated with the minimal swimming frequency at which the neuron is active (McLean et al., 2007)”

• cites McLean et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A principle of spinal circuit organization is that different outputs can arise from a shared neuron pool via selective recruitment of multifunctional and specialized interneuron classes.

“A new principle in spinal circuit organization has emerged in which different outputs arise from a shared pool of available neurons, through the selective recruitment of sets of multifunctional and specialized interneuron classes (Berkowitz et al., 2010).”

• cites Berkowitz et al., 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The tangential nucleus relays utricular otolith information to oculomotor nuclei for vestibular eye-position correction and sends axonal arbors to the contralateral nMLF.

“The tangential nucleus contributes to vestibular-correction of eye position by relaying information sensed by utricular otoliths in the ear to oculomotor nuclei, with axonal arbors targeting the contralateral nMLF (Bianco et al., 2012) (Figure 8).”

• cites Bianco et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The tangential nucleus could provide a direct route for vestibular information to reach locomotor control centers.

“This could provide a direct pathway for vestibular information to reach locomotor control centers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In mammalian spinal cord, non-NMDA and NMDA receptor systems can act in parallel and independently to contribute to locomotor speed and stability.

“Work in the mammalian spinal cord revealed some of the complexity of glutamatergic inputs, showing that non-NMDA and NMDA receptor systems can function in parallel and independently to contribute to locomotor speed and stability (Talpalar and Kiehn, 2010).”

• cites Talpalar and Kiehn, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The cholinergic MLR connection is thought to drive bilateral RS cells symmetrically and monosynaptically from one side.

“This connection from the cholinergic MLR is thought to drive bilateral RS cells symmetrically and monosynaptically from the MLR on one side (Brocard et al., 2010).”

• cites Brocard et al., 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

nMLF activity during optomotor grating presentation is not sensory-driven but is time-locked to swim bouts.

“nMLF activity in response to optomotor gratings is not sensory related but is rather locked to the timing of swim bouts.”

May combine two claims.

The nMLF could control both motor neuron recruitment and the involvement of different premotor elements to coordinate responses to visual input.

“Thus the nMLF could dictate not only motor neuron recruitment but also the participation of different premotor elements to coordinate appropriate responses to visual inputs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Animal handling and experimental procedures received approval from the named ethics committees and followed European Directive 2010/63/EU.

“Animal handling and experimental procedures were approved by the Harvard University Standing Committee on the Use of Animals in Research and Training (Cambridge, MA, USA), by the Champalimaud Foundation Ethics Committee and by the Portuguese Direcção Geral de Veterinária and were according to the European Directive 2010/63/EU.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Cell ablation was confirmed in 177 of 178 attempts.

“cell ablation was confirmed in 177/178 attempts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The segregation of the motor neuron pool by swimming frequency persists into adult stages.

“this pattern of segregation of motor neuron pool by swimming frequency continues to adult stages (Ampatzis et al., 2013).”

• cites Ampatzis et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Broad nMLF outputs to the spinal motor pool can be converted into specific recruitment patterns by motor neuron intrinsic biophysical properties.

“They show broad outputs from the nMLF to the spinal motor pool can be transformed into specific patterns of recruitment based on the intrinsic biophysical properties of motor neurons (Figure 8).”

• cites Wang and McLean (co-submission)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Serotonin reduces the interbout period and increases motor output in active and fictive swimming.

“Serotonin has been shown to reduce the interbout period, resulting in increased motor output, in active and fictive swimming (Brustein et al., 2003).”

• cites Brustein et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Increased nMLF activity would raise motor neuron activity and produce the stronger body bends seen in responses to fast gratings.

“would result in greater motor neuron activity, creating the more intense body bends we observe during responses to quickly moving gratings.”

May combine two claims.

MeLr and MeLc may both project to motor neurons, but MeLr may also activate bout-duration interneurons while MeLc may target TBF-regulating interneurons.

“Both MeLr and MeLc may project to motor neurons, but MeLr may also activate interneurons regulating bout duration, while MeLc may project to interneurons regulating TBF.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the head-embedded assay, each of the nine grating speeds was presented five times in random order.

“The grating speeds (3, 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40 mm/s) were presented 5 times in random order.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Wang and McLean mapped anatomical and synaptic connections between identified nMLF neurons and motor neuron targets.

“Wang and McLean (co-submission) make a leap forward, by mapping both anatomical and synaptic connections between identified nMLF neurons and motor neuron targets.”

• cites Wang and McLean (co-submission)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Zebrafish can increase swimming frequency through a specific motor neuron recruitment pattern, as shown by work combining network rhythmicity and motor neuron intrinsic properties.

“Work incorporating network rhythmicity and intrinsic properties of motor neurons showed how zebrafish can accomplish increases in swimming frequency using a specific pattern of motor neuron recruitment (Menelaou and McLean, 2012)”

• cites Menelaou and McLean, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Spinal circuits needed for episode duration control have been localized to rostral segments.

“the spinal circuits necessary for episode duration control were recently localized to rostral segments (Wiggin, 2012).”

• cites Wiggin, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source