Human hippocampus and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex infer and update latent causes during social interaction
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Abstract
Latent-cause inference is the process of identifying features of the environment that have caused an outcome. This problem is especially important in social settings where individuals may not make equal contributions to the outcomes they achieve together. Here, we designed a novel task in which participants inferred which of two characters was more likely to have been responsible for outcomes achieved by working together. Using computational modeling, univariate and multivariate analysis of human fMRI, and continuous theta-burst stimulation, we identified two brain regions that solved the task. Notably, as each outcome occurred, it was possible to decode the inference of its cause (the responsible character) from hippocampal activity. Activity in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) updated estimates of association between cause-responsible character-and the outcome. Disruption of dmPFC activity impaired participants' ability to update their estimate as a function of inferred responsibility but spared their ability to infer responsibility.
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The vertex site (MNI: x = 0, y = -34, z = 72) served as a non-active control site, based on previous studies.
“The vertex site (MNI: x = 0, y = -34, z = 72), which served as a non-active control site, was based on previous studies.”
From Two prefrontal-subcortical circuits estimate controllability and reflect its impact on learning (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
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- Authors
- Mahmoodi, A., Luo, S., Harbison, C., Piray, P., & Rushworth, M. F. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mahmoodi, Ali
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-11
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 3796-3809.e9
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4402966588
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 4.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (221794/Z/20/Z)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH134217)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- hippocampus, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, Bayesian updating, joint action, social interaction, causal inference, theta burst stimulation, computational modeling
- MeSH terms
- Social Interaction, Adult, Brain Mapping, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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