Metabolic actions of insulin in men and women

Magkos, Faidon; Wang, Xuewen; Mittendorfer, Bettina

doi:10.1016/j.nut.2009.10.013

Cited by 129Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsMuscle metabolism and nutritionMetabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer

Metabolic actions of insulin in men and women

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Magkos, Faidon, Wang, Xuewen, Mittendorfer, Bettina·2010·Nutrition

DOI 10.1016/j.nut.2009.10.013PMC PMC2893237

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Abstract

Insulin is an important regulator of glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. It suppresses hepatic glucose and triglyceride production, inhibits adipose tissue lipolysis and whole-body and muscle proteolysis, and stimulates glucose uptake in muscle. In this review we discuss what is currently known about the control of substrate metabolism by insulin in men and women. The data available so far indicate that women are more sensitive to insulin with regards to glucose metabolism (both in the liver and in muscle), whereas there are no differences between men and women in insulin action on lipolysis. Potential differences exist in the regulation of plasma triglyceride concentration and protein metabolism by insulin and in changes in insulin action in response to stimuli (e.g., weight loss and exercise) that are known to alter insulin sensitivity. However, these areas have not been studied comprehensively enough to draw firm conclusions.

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Insulin suppresses muscle proteolysis leading to a net gain of muscle protein.
“The anabolic hormone insulin is able to suppress muscle proteolysis leading to a net gain of muscle protein.[15][16][17]”
From Changes in lean body mass with <scp>glucagon‐like peptide</scp> ‐1‐based therapies and mitigation strategies (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
The section “Sex differences in the control of protein metabolism by insulin” states that insulin suppresses muscle protein breakdown, by up to about 50% under the conditions described. It does not establish that this suppression necessarily leads to a net gain of muscle protein; it says insulin’s effect on muscle protein synthesis is unclear and depends substantially on amino acid availability. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Pre-exercise CHO intake facilitates the uptake of blood glucose into muscle and suppresses hepatic glycogenolysis, which may increase the potential risk of hypoglycaemia during the early period of a training session in susceptible individuals.
“Pre-exercise CHO intake also facilitates the uptake of blood glucose into muscle, and suppresses hepatic (liver) glycogenolysis [37], which may increase the potential risk of hypoglycaemia during the early period of a training session in susceptible individuals [38]”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [37]
Consumption of large amounts of processed carbohydrate-containing foods may be one of the major factors leading to both obesity and metabolic dysfunction.
“The consumption of large amounts of processed carbohydratecontaining foods may be one of the major factors leading to both obesity and metabolic dysfunction.”
From A Lower-Carbohydrate, Higher-Fat Diet Reduces Abdominal and Intermuscular Fat and Increases Insulin Sensitivity in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
Consumption of processed carbohydrates leads to elevated insulin secretion.
“The consumption of processed carbohydrates leads to elevated insulin secretion, which, in turn, promotes glucose oxidation, impairs fat oxidation, facilitates de novo lipogenesis, and promotes storage of fat (2), while at the same time leading to insulin resistance, inflammation (3), and oxidative stress (4).”
From A Lower-Carbohydrate, Higher-Fat Diet Reduces Abdominal and Intermuscular Fat and Increases Insulin Sensitivity in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
Elevated insulin secretion promotes glucose oxidation, impairs fat oxidation, facilitates de novo lipogenesis, and promotes storage of fat.
“The consumption of processed carbohydrates leads to elevated insulin secretion, which, in turn, promotes glucose oxidation, impairs fat oxidation, facilitates de novo lipogenesis, and promotes storage of fat (2), while at the same time leading to insulin resistance, inflammation (3), and oxidative stress (4).”
From A Lower-Carbohydrate, Higher-Fat Diet Reduces Abdominal and Intermuscular Fat and Increases Insulin Sensitivity in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes (2015) · cites this paper as [2]

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Authors: Magkos, F., Wang, X., & Mittendorfer, B.
Affiliations: Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Corresponding author: Mittendorfer, Bettina
ORCID: Magkos, Faidon
Wang, Xuewen
Mittendorfer, Bettina
Venue: Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-07
Volume: 26
Issue: 7-8
Pages: 686-693
ISSN: 0899-9007 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.10.013
PMC: PMC2893237
OpenAlex: W1982510982
Cited by: 129
References: 137
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 1.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (KL2TR000450, UL1TR000448)
National Institute on Aging (K99AG031297, AG 031297, R00AG031297)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK56341, P30DK056341)
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR049869, AR49869)
National Center for Research Resources (KL2RR024994, UL1RR024992)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD057796, P50HD057796)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
Keywords: insulin action, sex differences, insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, hepatic glucose production, lipolysis, adipose tissue, muscle protein synthesis, muscle glucose uptake, plasma triglycerides, protein metabolism, weight loss, physical activity, sex hormones
MeSH terms: Female, Glucose, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Proteins, Sex Factors, Triglycerides, Weight Loss, Exercise

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Metabolic actions of insulin in men and women

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