Gender differences in regional fatty acid metabolism before and after meal ingestion.
Open accessAbstract
UNLABELLED: These studies were conducted to determine whether men and women differ with regards to their overnight postabsorptive (basal) and postprandial fatty acid kinetics. Systemic oleate turnover ([9,10(3)H]oleate) was measured before and after the consumption of a mixed meal. Leg and splanchnic free fatty acid (FFA) uptake and release were measured, allowing the calculation of upper-body subcutaneous FFA release. RESULTS: basal oleate flux was virtually identical in men and women (3.0 +/- 3 versus 2.9 +/- 0.4 mumol.kg FFM-1.min-1), however, oleate Ra suppressed more in women than in men following meal ingestion (0.5 +/- 0.1 versus 0.8 +/- 0.1 mumol.kg FFM-1.min-1, P < 0.05). The fractional contribution of basal, regional FFA release to total FFA flux was not significantly different between men and women. In contrast, oleate release by upper-body subcutaneous adipose tissue was significantly greater (30 +/- 5 vs 8 +/- 3 mumol/min, respectively, P < 0.01) in men than in women during the meal nadir of FFA flux, whereas splanchnic oleate release was a greater percentage (39 +/- 7% vs 20 +/- 3%, respectively, P < 0.05) of nadir oleate Ra in women than in men. Thus, normal weight men and women differ significantly in the postprandial regulation of adipose tissue lipolysis in that men's upper-body subcutaneous adipose tissue is more resistant to the antilipolytic effects of meal ingestion. Differential regulation of regional adipose tissue lipolysis could contribute to the gender based differences in body fat distribution.
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The relative contribution of leg adipose tissue lipolysis to systemic FFA is significantly greater in women than in men.
“The relative contribution of leg adipose tissue lipolysis to systemic FFA is significantly greater in women than men (67, 70)”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [67]
The Discussion says the fractional contribution of leg fat to systemic oleate flux was comparable in men and women, with only a tendency toward a greater contribution in women. The regional oleate release passage reports 14±2% in men versus 19±2% in women under basal conditions (0.05 < P < 0.1); the post-meal comparison was also not statistically significant. Thus the paper does not support the claimed significant difference. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUpon consumption of a mixed meal, the nadir of plasma FFA concentrations is very similar in young normal weight males and females, although the absolute release rate of FFA is slightly greater in males.
“Upon consumption of a mixed meal, the nadir of plasma FFA concentrations is very similar in young (~27 y), normal weight males and females, although the absolute release rate of FFA is slightly greater in males (67).”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [67]
The subject-characteristics table lists lean men and women with mean ages of 27, and the Results report a higher post-meal nadir oleate appearance rate in men (49 ± 6 versus 24 ± 3 µmol/min). But the Discussion describes reduced plasma FFA concentrations in women, rather than establishing that the sexes had very similar concentration nadirs; the reported appearance-rate difference is also more substantial than “slightly greater.” (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn males, FFA release from upper body subcutaneous adipose tissue accounts for a greater proportion of total FFA released than in females, and leg adipose tissue accounts for a greater proportion of total FFA release in females than in males.
“In males, FFA release from the upper body subcutaneous adipose tissue accounts for a greater proportion of total FFA released than in females, and leg adipose tissue account for a greater proportion of total FFA release than in males (Figure 6) (67).”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [67]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe authors pooled data from femoral artery, femoral vein, and hepatic vein catheterization studies to assess variability and sex differences in regional FFA release.
“We pooled data from femoral artery, femoral vein and hepatic vein catheterization studies that included measures of blood flow, body composition and isotopic tracer techniques to assess the variability and sex-differences regional FFA release (33, 65–70).”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [67]
For both women and men, FFA release rates per kg are greater from upper body than from lower body subcutaneous adipose tissue.
“For both women (33) and men (67), FFA release rates per kg are greater from upper body than from lower body subcutaneous adipose tissue (Figure 4).”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [67]
When given a test meal comprising 1/3 of daily energy needs, changes in plasma insulin and glucose over 6 hours are similar in normal weight males and females.
“When given a test meal comprising 1/3 of daily energy needs, changes in plasma insulin and glucose concentrations across a 6-hour period are similar in normal weight males and females (67, 69, 87).”
From Sex differences in the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans (2025) · cites this paper as [67]
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Santosa, S., & Jensen, M. D. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90357.2008 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationUranga, A. P., Levine, J., & Jensen, M. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00340.2004 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationImpaired insulin action in subcutaneous adipocytes from women with visceral obesity
Johnson, J. A., Fried, S. K., Pi-Sunyer, X., & Albu, J. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.1.e40 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Sex Hormones and Macronutrient Metabolism
Comitato, R., Saba, A., Turrini, A., Arganini, C., & Virgili, F. (2013) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.651177 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Regional Fat Metabolism in Human Splanchnic and Adipose Tissues; The Effect of Exercise
van Hall, G., Bülow, J., Sacchetti, M., Mulla, N. A. L., Lyngsø, D., & Simonsen, L. (2002) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.022392 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Caligiuri, S. P. B., Aukema, H. M., Ravandi, A., & Pierce, G. N. (2014) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2014.04.005 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
McQuaid, S., Humphreys, S. M., Hodson, L., Fielding, B. A., Karpe, F., & Frayn, K. N. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0678 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Postprandial leg and splanchnic fatty acid metabolism in nonobese men and women
Nguyen, T. T., Mijares, A. H., Johnson, C. M., & Jensen, M. D. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.6.e965 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationLeg free fatty acid kinetics during exercise in men and women
Burguera, B., Proctor, D., Dietz, N., Guo, Z., Joyner, M., & Jensen, M. D. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.1.e113 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationVallianou, N. G., Evangelopoulos, A. A., Bountziouka, V. P., Vogiatzakis, E. D., Bonou, M. S., Barbetseas, J. D., Avgerinos, P. C., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2012) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2369 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Yan, Q., Sun, D., Li, X., Zheng, Q.-H., Li, L., Gu, C., & Feng, B. (2013) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2464 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Sex-specific differences in leg fat uptake are revealed with a high-fat meal
Votruba, S. B., & Jensen, M. D. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00196.2006 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationGill, J. M. R., Herd, S. L., Vora, V., & Hardman, A. E. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0788-9 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Jensen, M. D., & Johnson, C. M. (1996) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90040-2 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationMeal Fatty Acid Uptake in Visceral Fat in Women
Votruba, S. B., Mattison, R. S., Dumesic, D. A., Koutsari, C., & Jensen, M. D. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-0439 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationPostprandial leg uptake of triglyceride is greater in women than in men
Horton, T. J., Commerford, S. R., Pagliassotti, M. J., & Bessesen, D. H. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00164.2002 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Sexual Dimorphism of Lipid Kinetics in Humans
Santosa, S., & Jensen, M. D. (2015) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00103 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationEfficient Fat Storage in Premenopausal Women and in Early Pregnancy: A Role for Estrogen
O’Sullivan, A., Martin, A. M., & Brown, M. A. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.10.7941 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Ng, J. M., Azuma, K., Kelley, C. A., Pencek, R., Rádiková, Ž., Laymon, C. M., Price, J. C., Goodpaster, B. H., & Kelley, D. E. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00282.2012 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Zhu, L., Shi, J., Luu, T. N., Neuman, J. C., Trefts, E., Yu, S., Palmisano, B. T., Wasserman, D. H., Linton, M. F., & Stafford, J. M. (2018) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2017.12.012 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Prescribing Aerobic Exercise for the Regulation of Postprandial Lipid Metabolism
Katsanos, C. S. (2006) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200636070-00001 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Pereira, M. J., Skrtic, S., Katsogiannos, P., Abrahamsson, N., Sidibeh, C. O., Dahgam, S., Månsson, M., Risérus, U., Kullberg, J., & Eriksson, J. W. (2016) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.09.008 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
O’Sullivan, A. (2009) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2008.00539.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Regional Fat Deposition as a Factor in FFA Metabolism
Votruba, S. B., & Jensen, M. D. (2007) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093754 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationAdipose tissue and fatty acid metabolism in humans.
Jensen, M. D. (2002) · PubMed Central · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationSantosa, S., Hensrud, D. D., Votruba, S. B., & Jensen, M. D. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.4.1134 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationFitch, K. V., Stanley, T. L., Looby, S. E. D., Rope, A. M., & Grinspoon, S. K. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1983 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Choi, J., Se-Young, O., Lee, D., Tak, S. K., Hong, M., Park, S., Cho, B., & Park, M. (2010) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.09.001 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Sources of blood glycerol during fasting
Jensen, M. D., Chandramouli, V., Schumann, W. C., Ekberg, K., Previs, S. F., Gupta, S., & Landau, B. R. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.5.e998 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationPaul, D. R., Novotny, J. A., & Rumpler, W. V. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.3.385 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Chow, C. C., Periwal, V., Csako, G., Ricks, M., Courville, A. B., Miller, B. V., Vega, G. L., & Sumner, A. E. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0532 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Splanchnic free fatty acid kinetics
Jensen, M. D., Cardin, S., Edgerton, D. S., & Cherrington, A. D. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00268.2002 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationRegional leptin kinetics in humans
Jensen, M. D., Møller, N., Nair, K. S., Eisenberg, P., Landt, M., & Klein, S. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.1.18 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationHalkes, C. J. M., van Dijk, H., Verseyden, C., de Jaegere, P. P. T., Plokker, H. W. M., Meijssen, S., Erkelens, D. W., & Cabezas, M. C. (2003) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000092326.00725.ed · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Effects of SGLT2 inhibition on lipid transport in adipose tissue in type 2 diabetes
Lauritsen, K. M., Voigt, J. H., Pedersen, S. B., Hansen, T. K., Møller, N., Jessen, N., Gormsen, L. C., & Søndergaard, E. (2022) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-21-0558 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Regional glycerol and free fatty acid metabolism before and after meal ingestion
Jensen, M. D. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.5.e863 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationMeal fatty acid uptake in human adipose tissue: technical and experimental design issues
Romanski, S. A., Nelson, R. M., & Jensen, M. D. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.2.e447 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationSex Differences in the Incidence of Obesity-Related Gastrointestinal Cancer
Heo, J.-W., Kim, S., & Sung, M. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22031253 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Baena, C. P., Lotufo, P. A., Fonseca, M. G. M., Santos, I. S., Goulart, A. C., & Benseñor, I. M. (2016) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2015.0083 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Zheng, X., Ma, D., Zheng, S., Han, Y., Su, W., Liu, W., Xiao, F., Lin, M., Yan, X., et al. (2021) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.07.027 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Krarup, N. T., Grarup, N., Banasik, K., Friedrichsen, M. H., Færch, K., Sandholt, C. H., Jørgensen, T., Poulsen, P., Witte, D. R., Vaag, A. A., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040376 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
O’Sullivan, A. (2009) · Obesity and metabolism · doi:10.14341/2071-8713-4880 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Chalhoub, E. R., Xie, L., Balasubramanian, V., Kim, J., & Belovich, J. (2006) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-006-9217-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Pioglitazone increases non-esterified fatty acid clearance in upper body obesity
Shadid, S., & Jensen, M. D. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0051-0 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationSex Differences in Glucose and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Asians Who Are Nonobese
Chan, Z., Chooi, Y. C., Ding, C., Choo, J., Sadananthan, S. A., Michael, N., Velan, S. S., Leow, M. K., & Magkos, F. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01421 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Costa, D. N., Santosa, S., & Jensen, M. D. (2025) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00008.2024 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationSex and Gender Differences in Body Composition, Lipid Metabolism, and Glucose Regulation
Ethun, K. F. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802388-4.00009-4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Coelho‐Júnior, H. J., Sampaio, R. A. C., Gonçalves, I. D. O., Aguiar, S. D. S., Palmeira, R., de Oliveira, J. F., Asano, R. Y., Sampaio, P. Y. S., & Uchida, M. C. (2016) · Sao Paulo Medical Journal · doi:10.1590/1516-3180.2016.0160110906 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Glucagon receptor signaling at white adipose tissue does not regulate lipolysis
Vasileva, A., Marx, T. R., Beaudry, J. L., & Stern, J. H. (2022) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00078.2022 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Saneei, P., Shahdadian, F., Moradi, S., Ghavami, A., Mohammadi, H., & Rouhani, M. H. (2019) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-019-0445-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Allensworth‐James, M. L., Odle, A. K., Haney, A. C., & Childs, G. V. (2015) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2015-1198 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Morgan-Bathke, M., Chen, L., Oberschneider, E., Harteneck, D., & Jensen, M. D. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00424.2014 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationVatier, C., Kadiri, S., Muscat, A., Chapron, C., Capeau, J., & Antoine, B. (2012) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/nutd.2012.29 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jensen, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jensen, M D
- ORCID
- Jensen, M D
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 1995-11-01
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2297-2303
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC185880
- OpenAlex
- W2127037606
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Mayo Clinic
- Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
- National Institutes of Health (RR-00585)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 45343, R01DK045343)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-00585, M01RR000585)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
- Keywords
- gender differences, fatty acid metabolism, postprandial lipemia, adipose tissue lipolysis, subcutaneous adipose tissue, meal ingestion, body fat distribution
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adult, Fatty Acids, Female, Food, Humans, Male, Organ Specificity, Sex Characteristics
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