Locomotor and stress responses to nicotine differ in adolescent and adult rats
Open accessAbstract
Since adolescence is a critical period for the initiation of tobacco use, we have systematically compared behavioral and endocrine responses to nicotine in Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes at early adolescence (postnatal day (P) 28), mid- adolescence (P38) and adulthood (P90). Locomotion and center time in a novel open field were evaluated for 30min following intravenous injection of saline or nicotine (60microg/kg), followed by measurement of plasma corticosterone. Complex age and sex differences in behavioral and endocrine response were observed, which were dependent on the functional endpoint examined. Whereas there were age differences in nicotine effects on all functional measures, sex differences were largely restricted to adult stress-related corticosterone and center-time responses. Although significant drug effects were detected at P28 and P90, there was no effect of nicotine at P38 on any measure examined. In saline-treated males, but not females, there were significant positive correlations across age between initial ambulatory counts and both initial vertical counts and total center time. Nicotine treatment increased correlations in both sexes, and yielded a significant negative interaction between initial ambulatory counts and plasma corticosterone. The unique responses of adolescents to nicotine are consistent with an immature function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at this age.
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Adolescents show enhanced locomotor activity following nicotine self-administration.
“as well as enhanced locomotor activity following nicotine self-administration [191].”
From Consequences of adolescent drug use (2023) · cites this paper as [191]
The Discussion (Locomotor activity; page not available) reports increased ambulatory activity after nicotine only in younger adolescent rats. The Methods (Drug treatment and sample collection; page not available) say the rats received researcher-administered injections designed to model self-administration, not nicotine they self-administered. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdolescent males show a strong anxiolytic response to nicotine that diminishes with age, whereas adolescent females show much lower anxiolytic or outright anxiogenic responses depending on the behavioral test.
“Adolescent males have been shown to have a strong anxiolytic response to nicotine treatment which diminishes with age, whereas adolescent females have much lower anxiolytic or outright anxiogenic responses depending on the behavioral test (Elliott et al., 2004; Cao et al., 2010).”
From Unique, long-term effects of nicotine on adolescent brain. (2020) · cites this paper as Cao et al., 2010
The early adolescent period is uniquely sensitive to the effects of nicotine as compared to late adolescence and adulthood.
“Another key feature of the adolescent effects of nicotine, as seen in animal studies, is the unique sensitivity of the early adolescent period as compared to late adolescence and adulthood (Laviola et al. 2001; Cao et al. 2010; Dao et al. 2011; Kawai et al. 2011).”
From <scp>N</scp> icotine and the adolescent brain (2015) · cites this paper as Cao et al. 2010
Sex differences in nicotine sensitivity at different phases of adolescence have been reported in preclinical studies.
“Sex differences in nicotine sensitivity at different phases of adolescence have also been reported in preclinical studies (Cao et al. 2010; Kawai et al. 2011; Lenoir et al. 2015), and are consistent with clinical observations of differing developmental trajectories of tobacco use in males and females (Chen & Jacobsen, 2012).”
From <scp>N</scp> icotine and the adolescent brain (2015) · cites this paper as Cao et al. 2010
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- Authors
- Cao, J., Belluzzi, J. D., Loughlin, S. E., Dao, J. M., Chen, Y., & Leslie, F. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cao, Junran
- Venue
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 82-90
- ISSN
- 0091-3057 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2894530
- OpenAlex
- W1969562796
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California, Irvine
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA 19138, R01DA019138)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- nicotine, adolescence, age differences, sex differences, locomotor activity, stress response, corticosterone, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, tobacco initiation
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Animals, Corticosterone, Female, Male, Motor Activity, Nicotine, Stress, Psychological, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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