Tobacco dependence, the insular cortex and the hypocretin connection
Open accessAbstract
Tobacco use is a major cause of disease and premature death in the United States. Nicotine is considered the key component of tobacco responsible for addiction in human smokers. Accumulating evidence supports an important role for the hypocretin (orexin) neuropeptide system in regulating the reinforcing properties of most major drugs of abuse, including nicotine. Here, data showing that nicotine activates hypocretin-producing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, and that disruption of hypocretin transmission decreases nicotine self-administration behavior in rats will be reviewed. Recent findings suggesting that plasma hypocretin levels may be related to the magnitude of cigarette craving in abstinent smokers will be discussed. Finally, the data suggesting that hypocretin transmission in the insular cortex may play an important role in regulating nicotine self-administration behavior in rats will be reviewed. This latter finding may provide mechanistic insight into the apparent disruption of tobacco addiction reported in human smokers with stroke-associated damage to the insular cortex.
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Chronic nicotine exposure likely causes global alterations in brain neurotransmission because nAChR activation affects release of virtually every major neurotransmitter.
“As nAChR activation affects the release of virtually every major neurotransmitter [106, 117, 118], chronic nicotine exposure is likely to cause global alterations in brain neurotransmission.”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [117]
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Reward, addiction, withdrawal to nicotine
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“More generally, nAChRs affect the release of virtually every major neurotransmitter (Alkondon et al. 1997, Dani & Bertrand 2007, Hadjiconstantinou & Neff 2010, Kenny 2010, McGehee et al. 1995, Gray et al. 1996, Role & Berg 1996).”
BackgroundError awareness and the insula: links to neurological and psychiatric diseases
Klein, T. A., Ullsperger, M., & Danielmeier, C. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00014 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Feed-forward mechanisms: Addiction-like behavioral and molecular adaptations in overeating
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Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal
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Role of insular cortex D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in nicotine self-administration in rats
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- Authors
- Kenny, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Scripps Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kenny, Paul J.
- ORCID
- Kenny, Paul J.
- Venue
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 700-707
- ISSN
- 0091-3057 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3011037
- OpenAlex
- W2010147037
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 0.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA030929, DA020686, R01DA020686, R01DA023915, R37DA020686)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- tobacco dependence, nicotine dependence, orexin, insula, lateral hypothalamus, nicotine self-administration, cigarette craving, stroke, nicotine reinforcement
- MeSH terms
- Orexins, Animals, Humans, Neuropeptides, Tobacco Use Disorder, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Rats
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