Sex differences in stress responses: focus on ovarian hormones

Ter Horst, Gert J.; Wichmann, Romy; Gerrits, Marjolein; Westenbroek, Christel; Lin, Yanhua

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.036

Cited by 157Stress Responses and CortisolEstrogen and related hormone effectsNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Sex differences in stress responses: focus on ovarian hormones

Ter Horst, Gert J., Wichmann, Romy, Gerrits, Marjolein, Westenbroek, Christel, Lin, Yanhua·2009·Physiology & Behavior

DOI 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.036

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Abstract

Women in the reproductive age are more vulnerable to develop affective disorders than men. This difference may attribute to anatomical differences, hormonal influences and environmental factors such as stress. However, the higher prevalence in women normalizes once menopause is established, suggesting that ovarian hormones may play an important role in the development of depression in women. Ovarian hormones such as estrogen can pass the brain-blood barrier and bind to cytoplasmatic estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and ER-beta in different areas of the limbic system. During stress, estrogen can modulate the behavioral and neurobiological response depending on the concentrations of estrogen. In this review we present evidence for disparate effects of chronic stress on neuroplasticity and brain activity in male and female rats. Furthermore, we will demonstrate that effects of social support on coping with stress can be mimicked by social housing of rats and that this model can be used for identification of underlying neurobiological mechanisms, including behavior, phosphorylation of CREB and ERK1/2, and brain activity changes as measured with fos expression. Using cyclic administration of estrogen in ovariectomized female rats we could specifically address effects of different plasma estrogen levels and antidepressants on stress-induced neuroplasticity and activity changes. In this model we also studied effects of estrogen on recovery after chronic stress. We conclude that the female brain has a different innate strategy to handle stress than the male brain and that female animal models are necessary for studying the underlying mechanisms and options for treatment.

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Mirtazapine in Major Depression With Comorbid Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Changes in α-estradiol receptor and progesterone receptor expression in the locus coeruleus and preoptic area throughout the rat estrous cycle
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Investigation of sex differences in behavioural, endocrine, and neural measures following repeated psychological stressor exposure
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Increased limbic phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase 1 and 2 expression after chronic stress is reduced by cyclic 17β-estradiol administration
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Stress‐induced sensitization of the limbic system in ovariectomized rats is partly restored by cyclic 17β‐estradiol administration
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Alpha‐Oestrogen and Progestin Receptor Expression in the Hypothalamus and Preoptic Area Dopaminergic Neurones During Oestrous in Cycling Rats
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Ovarian steroid hormones modulate circadian rhythms of neuroendocrine dopaminergic neuronal activity
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Stress and the female brain. The effects of estradiol on the neurobiological reactions to chronic stress
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Authors: Ter Horst, G. J., Wichmann, R., Gerrits, M., Westenbroek, C., & Lin, Y.
Affiliations: University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
ORCID: Wichmann, Romy
Westenbroek, Christel
Venue: Physiology & Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-05
Volume: 97
Issue: 2
Pages: 239-249
ISSN: 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.036
OpenAlex: W1987559321
Cited by: 157
References: 115
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 0.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: sex differences, stress response, ovarian hormones, estrogen, estrogen receptor, depression in women, chronic stress, neuroplasticity, social support, social housing, CREB phosphorylation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, Fos expression, ovariectomy, antidepressants, stress recovery, limbic system, female rats
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Animals, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Male, Receptors, Estrogen, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Stress, Psychological, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Gonadal Hormones

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Sex differences in stress responses: focus on ovarian hormones

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