Sex Differences and Opposite Effects of Stress on Dendritic Spine Density in the Male Versus Female Hippocampus
Open accessAbstract
Dendritic spines are postsynaptic sites of excitatory input in the mammalian nervous system. Despite much information about their structure, their functional significance remains unknown. It has been reported that females in proestrus, when estrogen levels are elevated, have a greater density of apical dendritic spines on pyramidal neurons in area CA1 of the hippocampus than females in other stages of estrous (Woolley et al., 1990). Here we replicate these findings and in addition, show that females in proestrus have a greater density of spines in area CA1 of the hippocampus than males. Moreover, this sex difference in spine density is affected in opposite directions by stressful experience. In response to one acute stressful event of intermittent tailshocks, spine density was enhanced in the male hippocampus but reduced in the female hippocampus. The decrease in the female was observed for those that were stressed during diestrus 2 and perfused 24 hr later during proestrus. The opposing effects of stress were not evident immediately after the stressor but rather occurred within 24 hr and were evident on apical and to a lesser extent on basal dendrites of pyramidal cells in area CA1. Neither sex nor stress affected spine density on pyramidal neurons in somatosensory cortex. Sex differences in hippocampal spine density correlated with sex hormones, estradiol and testosterone, whereas stress effects on spine density were not directly associated with differences in the stress hormones, glucocorticoids. In summary, males and females have different levels of dendritic spine density in the hippocampus under unstressed conditions, and their neuronal anatomy can respond in opposite directions to the same stressful event.
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Stress can influence the number of excitatory synapses on dendritic spines already within hours in brain regions including the hippocampus.
“Stress has been shown to influence the number of excitatory synapses on dendritic spines already within hours26,40 in brain regions including the hippocampus.34,41,42”
From Preferential loss of dorsal-hippocampus synapses underlies memory impairments provoked by short, multimodal stress (2014) · cites this paper as [42]
Acute stress induces spine synapses in CA1 region of hippocampus.
“Acute stress induces spine synapses in CA1 region of hippocampus (Shors et al., 2001)”
From Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators (2008) · cites this paper as Shors et al., 2001
Acute stress induces spine synapses in the CA1 region of hippocampus, and both acute and chronic stress increase spine synapse formation in amygdala, but chronic stress decreases it in hippocampus.
“Acute stress induces spine synapses in the CA1 region of hippocampus98 and both acute and chronic stress also increases spine synapse formation in amygdala,95-99 but chronic stress decreases it in hippocampus.77”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [98]
The effect of sex hormones on neurogenesis and spine density has also been studied, and could modulate synaptic plasticity during recovery from TBI.
“The effect of sex hormones on neurogenesis and spine density has also been studied, 103-105 and could modulate synaptic plasticity during recovery from TBI.”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [105]
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- Authors
- Shors, T. J., Chua, C., & Falduto, J.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- ORCID
- Shors, Tracey J.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2001-08-15
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 6292-6297
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6763131
- OpenAlex
- W2104463303
- Cited by
- 496
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 5.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Van Ameringen Foundation
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- U.S. Public Health Service (R01 59970)
- National Institute of Mental Health (59970)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- dendritic spine density, sex differences, hippocampus, CA1 pyramidal neurons, acute stress, estrous cycle, proestrus, estradiol, testosterone, glucocorticoids, somatosensory cortex, dendritic spine morphology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Corticosterone, Dendrites, Diestrus, Electroshock, Estradiol, Female, Hippocampus, Male, Proestrus, Radioimmunoassay, Sex Characteristics, Somatosensory Cortex, Stress, Physiological, Testosterone, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Pyramidal Cells, Cell Surface Extensions, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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