The human hypothalamus in mood disorders: The HPA axis in the center
Open accessAbstract
There are no specific structural neuropathological hallmarks found in the brain of mood disorders. Instead, there are molecular, functional and structural alterations reported in many brain areas. The neurodevelopmental underpinning indicated the presence of various genetic and developmental risk factors. The effect of genetic polymorphisms and developmental sequalae, some of which may start in the womb, result in functional changes in a network mediated by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, which make the emotion- and stress-related brain systems more vulnerable to stressful events. This network of stress-related neurocircuits consists of, for instance, brainstem nuclei, the amygdala, habenula, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus. Various nuclei of the hypothalamus form indeed one of the crucial hubs in this network. This structure concerns not only the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that integrate the neuro-endocrine-immune responses to stress, but also other hypothalamic nuclei and systems that play a key role in the symptoms of depression, such as disordered day-night rhythm, lack of reward feelings, disturbed eating, sex, and disturbed cognitive functions. The present review will focus on the changes in the human hypothalamus in depression, with the HPA axis in the center. We will discuss the inordinate network of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved, with the hope to find the most vulnerable neurobiological systems and the possible development of tailor-made treatments for mood disorders in the future.
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The HpA axis is a hormonal system that controls stress responses and affects several hormonal behaviours.
“The HpA axis is a hormonal system that controls stress responses [106] and affects several hormonal behaviours [107, 108].”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [108]
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- Authors
- Bao, A.-M., & Swaab, D. F.
- Affiliations
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University (CN)
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Bao, Ai-Min
- Venue
- IBRO Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 45-53
- ISSN
- 2451-8301 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6562194
- OpenAlex
- W2904946776
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IBRO Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1306700)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (91332102)
- Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities of China (B13026)
- Stichting Vrienden van het Herseninstituut
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- hypothalamus, mood disorders, depression, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, stress response, brain development, genetic polymorphism, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, circadian rhythm, reward, disordered eating, sex differences, cognitive impairment, amygdala, habenula, prefrontal cortex, brainstem nuclei
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