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Cited by 42Sustainable Supply Chain ManagementPublic Procurement and PolicySustainable Design and Development

Public procurement of reconditioned furniture and the potential transition to product service systems solutions

Open access
Öhgren, Matilda, Milios, Leonidas, Dalhammar, Carl, Lindahl, Mattias·2019·Procedia CIRP
DOI 10.1016/j.procir.2019.02.134
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Abstract

The transition to a circular economy requires the development of new business models. However, ‘circular’ businesses face a number of barriers when competing in the current ‘linear’ economy, and may require the support of public policies. Public procurement may be applied for this purpose, as it can support emerging markets for reconditioned and remanufactured products. Public procurement can also support durable and upgradable products through functional procurement and leasing solutions, thereby promoting product-service systems (PSSs). One product category of high relevance is office furniture, as the purchasing of reconditioned furniture can implicate both environmental and monetary savings for contracting authorities. This study investigates the potential of public procurement to increase the volumes of reconditioned furniture in Sweden and identifies the main drivers and barriers for increasing such practices. The main data collection strategy was semi-structured interviews with furniture reconditioners and public procurement officers. The potential for supporting PSSs through furniture leasing was also analyzed. The main conclusions are that there is significant potential to support furniture reconditioning and PSS solutions through public procurement, especially through the establishment of larger framework contracts and involving furniture manufacturers, but several barriers need to be overcome. Primarily, training and education of public procurers and updating of procurement criteria can facilitate the introduction of reconditioned furniture in purchasing considerations. Moreover, the sector needs to improve its visibility, marketing, and cooperation with public authorities. Finally, functional procurement through PSSs seems unlikely, as it is still quite unclear how the procuring authorities can process the associated contract requirements.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This paper examines whether public procurement can scale up reconditioned office furniture in Sweden and whether furniture leasing/PSS solutions can complement such purchasing. It finds significant potential but identifies current procurement rules, contract design, quality uncertainty, and weak reconditioner visibility as major barriers, while functional procurement through PSS remains unlikely due to unclear contract requirements.

Key findings

  • Public procurement is seen as the main potential game-changer: all interviewed reconditioners ranked changes in public procurement practices as a “5” on a 1–5 support scale, and one public interviewee thought reconditioned furniture could reach up to 50% of future procurement volumes.
  • Reconditioned furniture offers cost and environmental benefits: it is sold at approximately 50–80% of the price of new furniture, and over one million office furniture pieces are discarded each year in Europe.
  • Barriers include procurement criteria and contracts designed for new furniture, legal uncertainty, difficulty evaluating offers, uncertainty about chemical content/fireproofing/lifetime/guarantees, too few reconditioners, and inability to guarantee large volumes of uniform furniture.
  • PSS/leasing potential is limited: in a Swedish procurer survey, about 45% expressed interest in purchasing second-hand products, 20% in furniture leasing instead of buying, and 30% did not know; the paper concludes it is still unclear how procuring authorities can handle associated contract requirements.

Methods

  • Semi-structured interviews were conducted with all identified Swedish furniture reconditioners (five companies) and public procurement officers/staff at five municipalities and two other public organizations, identified through internet searches and snowballing.
  • An interview protocol covered drivers and barriers, business models, customers, sector development, and public procurement’s role; reconditioners also ranked barriers and potential policy interventions on a 1–5 importance/support scale.
  • The paper combines qualitative interview analysis with literature and stakeholder discussions to identify barriers and policy interventions, and includes a discussion of furniture leasing as a possible PSS complement.

Limitations

  • The paper does not state a dedicated limitations section; it notes that the market is immature and that reconditioners had diverging views, probably because they have different customers and experiences.
  • Evident from the text: the qualitative sample is small—five reconditioners and seven public-sector interviewees—and limited to Sweden, so findings may not generalize to other countries or procurement contexts.
  • Evident from the text: the study relies on self-reported interview rankings and qualitative accounts, with no quantitative market data reported in the text; Figures 1 and 2 are described but their numerical rankings are not detailed.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.procir.2019.02.134

Cites

9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

3 of 13 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Function-oriented procurement is a way to stimulate innovation.

    “Function-oriented procurement is a way to stimulate innovation [14]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Georghiou, 2014, Policy instruments for public procurement of innovation:Choice, design and assessment, Technological Forecasting and Social Change source
  • Premisecitation

    Public procurement can also stimulate PSS-oriented business models.

    “public procurement can also stimulate PSS-oriented business models [15].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Witjes, 2016, Towards a more Circular Economy: Proposing a framework linking sustainable public procurement and sustainable business models, Resources, Conservation and Recycling source
  • Findingown data

    The reconditioners source furniture through different strategies, including direct business contacts, from companies that relocate offices, or through moving companies.

    “They source the furniture through different strategies, including through direct business contacts, from companies that relocate offices, or through moving companies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    All interviewees except one had seen a clear increase in the demand for reconditioned furniture in the last couple of years.

    “All interviewees except one had seen a clear increase in the demand for reconditioned furniture in the last couple of years”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The five interviewed reconditioners only deal with 'design furniture', i.e., high-quality furniture.

    “They only deal with 'design furniture', i.e., high-quality furniture.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 31
  • May combine two claims. 28

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A review identified three policy areas that could potentially have a high impact on the circular economy: reuse, repair and remanufacturing policies; green public procurement and innovation procurement; and policies for improving secondary materials markets.

    “A review of existing and proposed policies for advancing CE identified three policy areas that could potentially have a high impact on CE, namely: 1) reuse, repair and remanufacturing policies; 2) green public procurement and innovation procurement; and 3) policies for improving secondary materials markets [4].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Milios, 2018, Advancing to a circular economy: Three essential ingredients for a comprehensive policy mix, Sustainability Science source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    In many big procurement contracts, an OEM has to be involved (some furniture must be new) but there is space for reconditioned furniture as well; this requires more advanced contracts.

    “In many big procurement contracts, an OEM has to be involved (some of the furniture must be new) but there is space for reconditioned furniture as well; this requires more advanced contracts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    It is more difficult to evaluate offers related to reconditioned furniture than new furniture, especially if a large number of furniture with similar appearance is hard to guarantee in the contract.

    “It is more difficult to evaluate offers related to reconditioned furniture than new furniture, especially if a large number of furniture with similar appearance is hard to guarantee in the contract.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    The standards applied in procurement are designed for new furniture.

    “The standards applied in procurement are designed for new furniture.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The five interviewed reconditioners all sell second-hand and reconditioned furniture, and they also lease out furniture.

    “The five interviewed reconditioners all sell second-hand and reconditioned furniture, and they also lease out furniture.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The main reasons for procurement of reconditioned furniture were reduced costs and environmental reasons.

    “The main reasons for procurement of reconditioned furniture were reduced costs and environmental reasons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    The sustainability criteria currently applied when purchasing furniture - e.g., chemical content - are easier to comply with for new furniture.

    “The sustainability criteria currently applied when purchasing furniture -e.g., chemical content -are easier to comply with for new furniture.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The quality of the furniture is decisive for the business transaction: reconditioners are willing to pay for high-quality furniture, but they charge money for collecting furniture of lower quality.

    “The quality of the furniture is decisive for the business transaction: the reconditioners are willing to pay for high-quality furniture, but they charge money for collecting furniture of lower quality.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The perceptions differed concerning the barriers, and the reasons for the different responses seem to be that the reconditioners have different customers.

    “The perceptions differed concerning the barriers, and the reasons for the different responses seem to be the fact that the reconditioners have different customers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    One interviewee thought that reconditioned furniture could be up to 50% of the future procurement volumes.

    “one of them even thought that reconditioned furniture could be up to 50% of the future procurement volumes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among public actors, there was agreement on the main benefits and disadvantages of reconditioned furniture, and general agreement that the reconditioning sector needs to market itself better and the public sector needs to invest in education and improved practices.

    “Among the public actors, there was agreement on the main benefits and disadvantages of reconditioned furniture, and general agreement that 1) the reconditioning sector needs to market itself better and 2) the public sector needs to invest in education and improved practices in order to scale up procurement.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All interviewees agreed that there were significant cost savings from reconditioned furniture, and also stressed the environmental benefits.

    “all interviewees agreed that there were significant cost savings, and also stressed the environmental benefits.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Generally, the interest for procuring used furniture is increasing in the public sector, and this is usually due to environmental reasons, not to a motive to cut costs.

    “Generally, the interest for procuring used furniture is increasing in the public sector, and the interviewees stated that this is usually due to environmental reasons, not to a motive to cut costs in the public sector.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The most important disadvantage with reconditioned furniture is that there is limited knowledge about the materials and chemical content in older furniture, and no established methods to examine this exist.

    “the most important issue is that there is limited knowledge about the materials and chemical content in older furniture, and no established methods to examine this exist.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Uncertainty regarding lifetime and guarantees is greater for reconditioned furniture than new.

    “Finally, uncertainty regarding lifetime and guarantees is greater for reconditioned furniture than new.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The reconditioning activities include repairs, washing, applying new textiles, and the montage of parts.

    “The reconditioning activities include repairs, washing, applying new textiles, and the montage of parts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    One of the interviewed companies manufactures new furniture, in addition to its reconditioning activities.

    “One of the companies manufactures new furniture, in addition to its reconditioning activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    There are too few furniture reconditioners.

    “There are too few furniture reconditioners”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Several interviewees thought the business could grow quickly, both in Sweden and in neighboring countries.

    “several interviewees thought the business could grow quickly, both in Sweden and in neighboring countries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Other interviewees claimed that the furniture business was quite traditional in its approach and that the developments could be quite slow.

    “However, other interviewees claimed that the furniture business was quite traditional in its approach and that the developments could be quite slow.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The interviewees stated that reconditioners need to cooperate more and to market themselves better.

    “the interviewees stated that the reconditioners need to cooperate more and to market themselves better.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There are uncertainties regarding the product quality when purchasing reconditioned goods.

    “Uncertainties regarding the product quality when purchasing reconditioned goods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Some interviewees thought that reconditioning would become an established practice within the furniture sector and that OEMs would increasingly design furniture that is easier to repair.

    “Some interviewees also thought that reconditioning would become an established practice within the furniture sector and that OEMs would increasingly design furniture that is easier to repair.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Furniture reconditioners have not been good at marketing their sector and their products.

    “they have not been good at marketing their sector and their products.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Furniture manufacturers have traditionally seen the reconditioners as competitors, but recently, greater interest for cooperation has started to develop.

    “Furniture manufacturers have traditionally seen the reconditioners as competitors, but recently, greater interest for cooperation has started to develop.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    There are uncertainties if it is legally allowed to purchase reconditioned furniture.

    “Uncertainties if it is legally allowed to purchase reconditioned furniture.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The interviewees were optimistic concerning the potential to purchase larger volumes of reconditioned furniture in the future.

    “The interviewees were optimistic concerning the potential to purchase larger volumes of reconditioned furniture in the future”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Changes in public procurement practices are considered the real game-changer; all reconditioners ranked this policy intervention as a '5'.

    “Changes in public procurement practices are considered the real game-changer here; all reconditioners ranked this policy intervention as a '5'.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The companies' main competitors are other reconditioners and manufacturers of new furniture.

    “The companies' main competitors are other reconditioners and manufacturers of new furniture.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The existing contracts for furniture relate to new furniture.

    “The existing contracts for furniture, which relate to new furniture.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Often, current public contracts do not allow for reconditioned furniture due to criteria applied, which means that new agreements must be set up, which takes time.

    “Often, current public contracts do not allow for reconditioned furniture due to criteria applied, which means that new agreements must be set up, which takes time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The five municipalities interviewed had all purchased reconditioned furniture through public procurement processes, but the value of these contracts varied significantly.

    “The five municipalities interviewed had all purchased reconditioned furniture through public procurement processes, but the value of these contracts varied significantly.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Procurers in the public sector do not realize that reconditioners can supply large volumes of furniture that are similar in appearance; thus, they fear receiving furniture that does not look similar in appearance.

    “procurers in the public sector do not realize that the reconditioners can supply large volumes of furniture that are similar in appearance; thus, they fear that they will receive furniture that does not look similar in appearance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Examination of potential procurement of lighting as a service has revealed that a web of technical, institutional and regulatory barriers can impede such solutions and that extensive work in change management is required for such procurement to progress.

    “Examination of the potential procurement of lighting as a service has revealed that a web of technical, institutional and regulatory barriers can impede such solutions and that extensive work in change management is required in order for such procurement to progress [16].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Plepys A, Richter JL. Public procurement barriers in promoting market uptake of innovative LED lighting. Berlin: Proceedings from Electronics Goes Green conference; 2016. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Moving towards PSS solutions may be cumbersome, and public authorities might face additional financial and human resources constraints by engaging in more complex procedures of procurement.

    “Thus, moving towards PSS solutions may be cumbersome, and public authorities might face additional financial and human resources constraints by engaging in more complex procedures of procurement.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The contractual complexities of developing PSS relations are considerably higher compared to traditional settings of ownership contracts.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    In the case that public procurement leads to larger volumes of reconditioned furniture purchased, this may trigger OEM interest in providing PSS-oriented solutions.

    “In the case that public procurement leads to larger volumes of reconditioned furniture purchased, this may trigger OEM interest in providing PSSoriented solutions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Both the reconditioners and the public actors consider public procurement to be a potential game-changer, which could support a rapid scaling up of the volumes of reconditioned furniture.

    “Clearly, both the reconditioners and the public actors consider public procurement to be a potential game-changer, which could support a rapid scaling up of the volumes of reconditioned furniture.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The environmental benefits, and potentially also the cost savings for procuring agencies, could be even greater if they lease furniture and focus on the functions they provide, compared to purchasing reconditioned furniture.

    “The environmental benefits, and potentially also the cost savings for procuring agencies, could be even greater if they lease furniture and focus on the functions they provide, compared to purchasing reconditioned furniture.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    There is a potential problem to match supply and demand: procurers must be assured that reconditioners can supply larger volumes of uniform furniture for larger contracts, whereas reconditioners may not be able to make significant investments unless contracts are secure.

    “As with all new markets, there is a potential problem to match supply and demand: procurers must be assured that reconditioners can supply larger volumes of uniform furniture for larger contracts, whereas reconditioners may not be able to make significant investments unless contracts are secure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Regarding PSS and functional procurement, it is still uncertain how the procuring authorities can handle the associated contract requirements.

    “Regarding PSS and functional procurement, it is still uncertain how the procuring authorities can handle the associated contract requirements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The public sector purchases large quantities of furniture, so the potential impact of public procurement could be substantial.

    “Furthermore, the public sector purchases large quantities of furniture so the potential impact of public procurement could be substantial.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    There is a potential matching problem: public agencies want furniture similar in appearance and tend to procure large volumes, but small reconditioners may not be able to keep large stocks of uniform furniture unless they are sure they can sell it.

    “there is a potential matching problem: public agencies want furniture that is similar in appearance and tend to procure large volumes, but small reconditioners may not be able to keep large stocks of uniform furniture unless they are sure they can sell the furniture.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Existing furniture reconditioners are small companies.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If some discarded office furniture could be reconditioned and re-used, this would represent significant environmental gains and monetary savings for procuring agencies.

    “if some of these could be reconditioned and re-used, then this would represent significant environmental gains and monetary savings for the procuring agencies”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If OEMs lease the furniture, then it becomes a source of prolonged revenue, which could incentivize appropriate changes in design for higher quality, durability and reconditioning.

    “If OEMs lease the furniture, then it becomes a source of prolonged revenue, which could then incentivize appropriate changes in design for, higher quality, durability and reconditioning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Sweden is considered one of the most progressive EU countries when it comes to green public procurement.

    “In Sweden, which is considered one of the most progressive EU countries when it comes to green public procurement (GPP) [6], there are examples of interesting practices in place.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Kahlenborn W, Moser C, Frijdal J, Essig M. Strategic use of public procurement in Europe – Final 844 report to the European Commission (MARKT/2010/02/C). Berlin: adelphi; 2011.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Four building blocks are vital for the transition to a circular economy: materials and product design; new business models; global reverse networks; and enabling conditions, including public policies.

    “According to Planing [2], four building blocks are vital for the transition to a CE: (a) materials and product design; (b) new business models; (c) global reverse networks; and (d) enabling conditions, including public policies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Planing P. Business Model Innovation in a Circular Economy: Reasons for Non-Acceptance of Circular Business Models. Open Journal of Business Model Innovation 2015; 1:11.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In Sweden, various green criteria have long been applied in public procurement of furniture by regional agencies and municipalities.

    “In Sweden, various green criteria have long been applied in public procurement of furniture by regional agencies and municipalities [7].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Leire C, Dalhammar C. Long-term market effects of green public procurement. In: Maitre-Ekern E, Dalhammar C, Bugge HC, editors. Preventing environmental damage from products – Analyses of the policy and regulatory framework in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2018. p. 303-336. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Several European countries have implemented or are planning to implement procurement strategies for the circular economy.

    “Several European countries have implemented or are planning to implement procurement strategies for the CE [5].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Cattolica DEC. Advancing the Circular Economy: Exploring landscape and developments for circular public procurement in Sweden and Scotland. Thesis: Lund University; 2018.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

48 of 48

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Currently, reconditioned furniture accounts for a small part of the total procurement.

    “Currently, reconditioned furniture accounts for a small part of the total procurement.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Typically, public procurement uses criteria developed for new products on the market.

    “Typically, public procurement uses criteria developed for new products on the market.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Contracted furniture suppliers deal primarily or exclusively with new products.

    “Contracted furniture suppliers deal primarily or exclusively with new products.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Existing furniture reconditioners are small companies.

    “Further, existing furniture reconditioners are small companies”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is limited research on drivers and barriers for increasing the markets for reconditioned furniture.

    “There is limited research on drivers and barriers for increasing the markets for reconditioned furniture”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most likely public procurement offers the largest potential to quickly increase the market volumes.

    “most likely public procurement offers the largest potential to quickly increase the market volumes”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Such matching problems are common in emerging product markets.

    “Such matching problems are common in emerging product markets.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The contractual complexities of developing PSS relations are considerably higher compared to traditional settings of ownership contracts.

    “Furthermore, the contractual complexities of developing PSS relations are considerably higher compared to the traditional settings of ownership contracts.”
8 of 8

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The most common reason office furniture is not suitable for provider-ownership contracts is that ever-changing design preferences reduce possibilities for reuse.

    “The most common reason for this is that ever-changing design preferences reduce possibilities for reuse (Besch, 2005;Krystofik et al., 2018;Öhgren et al., 2019;Pieroni et al., 2021).”

    From Implementation and management of a circular public procurement contract for furniture (2023) · cites this paper as Öhgren et al., 2019

    Section 3.2 (page not available) says that difficulty supplying enough reconditioned furniture with similar aesthetics can hinder procurement. It does not say that ever-changing design preferences are the most common reason for reduced reuse or that they make furniture unsuitable for provider-ownership contracts. Section 5 instead discusses leasing as a potential way to keep furniture in use. (LLM, conf=0.79)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Research generally holds that office furniture is not suitable for a contract where the provider keeps ownership of the furniture, such as leasing or providing a function for the furniture.

    “Research generally holds that office furniture is not suitable for a contract where the provider keeps ownership of the furniture, such as leasing or providing a function for the furniture (Besch, 2005;Krystofik et al., 2018;Öhgren et al., 2019).”

    From Implementation and management of a circular public procurement contract for furniture (2023) · cites this paper as Öhgren et al., 2019

    Section 5 says furniture leasing and function-based procurement face limited interest and complex contracts; the Conclusions say it is uncertain how public authorities can handle PSS contract requirements. But the paper does not hold that office furniture is generally unsuitable for provider-owned arrangements: Section 5 also describes potential environmental and cost benefits from leasing. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Previous CPP studies on furniture include conceptual studies of CPP's potential, analyses of the tendering process, and overviews of CPP implemented on a smaller scale.

    “Previous CPP studies on furniture include conceptual studies of CPP's potential (Öhgren et al., 2019), analyses of the tendering process (Ntsondé and Aggeri, 2021), and overviews of CPP implemented on a smaller scale (Alhola et al., 2019;Kristensen et al., 2021).”

    From Implementation and management of a circular public procurement contract for furniture (2023) · cites this paper as Öhgren et al., 2019

    Section 2 (Objective, methods and outline) says the study analyzes the potential for public procurement to drive the reconditioned-furniture market, supporting the cited topic. But it identifies interviews as its main data-collection method, so describing the paper as a conceptual study is not fully accurate. The other categories in the citing sentence are attributed to different sources. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The increased complexity of contracts and efforts to change management routines are often too bothersome for procuring organizations.

    “Furthermore, the increased complexity of contracts and efforts to change management routines are often too bothersome for procuring organizations (Öhgren et al., 2019).”

    From Implementation and management of a circular public procurement contract for furniture (2023) · cites this paper as Öhgren et al., 2019

    Section 5 says that PSS procurement requires extensive change-management work, involves considerably more complex contracts, and may be cumbersome for public authorities. It does not establish that these demands are often too bothersome for procuring organizations; that phrasing turns a qualified possibility into a general finding. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Keeping buying new furniture with environmental criteria and limiting choices to a few models and designs would benefit future remanufacturing, since the critical design phase sets the possibilities for remanufacturing and disassembly.

    “This would benefit future remanufacturing, since the critical design phase sets the possibilities for remanufacturing and disassembly (Sundin et al., 2009;Cordella and Hidalgo, 2016;Öhgren et al., 2019;Bumgardner and Nicholls, 2020).”

    From Implementation and management of a circular public procurement contract for furniture (2023) · cites this paper as Öhgren et al., 2019

    Section 5 says that modular design can make furniture easier to upgrade and repair, and that design changes can support reconditioning. It does not specifically address disassembly or state that the design phase determines the possibilities for remanufacturing. The cited sentence does not itself attribute the proposal to limit purchases to a few models to this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Cattolica DEC. Advancing the Circular Economy: Exploring landscape and developments for circular public procurement in Sweden and Scotland. Thesis: Lund University; 2018.

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Authors
Öhgren, M., Milios, L., Dalhammar, C., & Lindahl, M.
Affiliations
  • Lund University (SE)
  • Linköping University (SE)
Corresponding author
Dalhammar, Carl
ORCID
Venue
Procedia CIRP
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2019
Volume
83
Pages
151-156
ISSN
2212-8271 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.procir.2019.02.134
OpenAlex
W2954413038
Semantic Scholar
87e2b8d9b129958ee498d9e89b21579ab86818dc
Cited by
42
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7
FWCI
7.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Procedia CIRP (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DiVA (Linkoping University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Stiftelsen för Miljöstrategisk Forskning
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Public Procurement and Policy
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Sustainable Design and Development
Keywords
public procurement, product-service systems, circular economy, office furniture, remanufactured products, framework agreements, procurement criteria

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-18.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-18.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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