Does oxytocin affect mind-reading? A replication study
Abstract
One of the most well-known findings in human oxytocin research is its beneficial effect on "mind-reading", i.e., inferring others' mental states just from the eye region in the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). Previous studies have partially confirmed these improvements and have further shown that they depend both on baseline social-emotional abilities and on specific item characteristics such as difficulty. Following the original design of Domes et al. (2007), the aim of the current study was to replicate and extend previous findings by thoroughly investigating the impact of oxytocin administration on RMET performance. We tested for potential moderation effects involving item difficulty, valence, intensity, sex of poser as well as individual differences in trait empathy measured with the Empathy Quotient (EQ) for a general score and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) for a multidimensional assessment of cognitive and emotional empathy. Oxytocin did not affect mind-reading, neither in general nor when considering specific item characteristics. An association between oxytocin-induced changes in RMET performance and emotional empathy (the empathic concern scale of the IRI) was evident, with individuals low in emotional empathy showing greater improvement after oxytocin administration compared to placebo. The reproducibility and variability of these and prior findings needs to be addressed in future experiments. As true effects may not replicate across different studies for various reasons, this should not discourage, but encourage further research.
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A recent study failed to replicate seminal findings associating intranasal oxytocin with mind-reading.
“a recent study failed to replicate seminal findings associating IN-OT with mind-reading”
From Is there a Publication Bias in Behavioural Intranasal Oxytocin Research on Humans? Opening the File Drawer of One Laboratory (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
Attempts to replicate oxytocin effects on cognitive empathy have failed, casting doubt on that effect.
“Attempts to replicate these findings have proven unsuccessful, raising doubts about the effect of OXT on cognitive empathy (Radke & de Bruijn, 2015).”
From Oxytocin increases attention to the eyes and selectively enhances self-reported affective empathy for fear (2017) · cites this paper as Radke & de Bruijn, 2015
These criticisms have become increasingly important to address in the light of recent replication failures.
“These criticisms have become increasingly important to address in the light of recent replication failures (Lane et al., 2015;Radke and de Bruijn, 2015).”
From Meta-analysis of the effects of intranasal oxytocin on interpretation and expression of emotions (2017) · cites this paper as Radke and de Bruijn, 2015
Effect sizes of studies using intranasal oxytocin seem to be smaller than initially assumed, reflected in unsuccessful attempts to replicate earlier findings of oxytocin effects on trust and mind-reading in healthy populations.
“Generally, effect sizes of studies using intranasal oxytocin seem to be smaller than initially assumed99, a finding that is also reflected in unsuccessful attempts to replicate earlier findings of oxytocin effects on trust100,101 and mind-reading in healthy populations102.”
From Randomized clinical trial shows no substantial modulation of empathy-related neural activation by intranasal oxytocin in autism (2021) · cites this paper as [102]
OXT can facilitate CE in some contexts, particularly with cues restricted to eyes, but not in others where multiple cues are present.
“Thus, OXT can facilitate CE in some contexts, particularly with cues restricted to eyes, but not in others where multiple cues are present.”
From Oxytocin Enhancement of Emotional Empathy: Generalization Across Cultures and Effects on Amygdala Activity (2018) · cites this paper as Radke and de Bruijn, 2015
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- Authors
- Radke, S., & de Bruijn, E. R. A.
- Affiliations
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Radke, Sina
- ORCID
- Radke, Sina
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 60
- Pages
- 75-81
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2136610568
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 20.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- oxytocin, theory of mind, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, replication, item difficulty, affective empathy, empathic concern, trait empathy, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Empathy Quotient, social cognition, placebo effect
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Double-Blind Method, Empathy, Eye, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Oxytocin, Psychomotor Performance, Social Perception, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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