Oxytocin improves mentalizing – Pronounced effects for individuals with attenuated ability to empathize
Abstract
The ability to predict the behavior of others based on their mental states is crucial for social functioning. Previous studies have provided evidence for the role of Oxytocin (OXT) in enhancing the ability to mentalize. It has also been demonstrated that the effect of OXT seems to strongly depend on socio-cognitive skills with more pronounced effects in individuals with lower socio-cognitive skills. Although recent studies indicate that mentalizing is related to empathy, no study has yet examined whether the effects of OXT on mentalizing depend on the ability to empathize. 71 male participants participated in a double-blind, between-subjects, placebo-controlled experiment. The Reading the Mind in the Eye Test (RMET) was used to investigate mentalizing abilities. We analyzed the effect of OXT on easy and difficult items of the RMET depending on differential empathy scores of the participants as assessed with the Empathy Quotient (EQ). Our results showed that OXT improves mentalizing for difficult but not for easy items. We generally observed increased mentalizing accuracy in participants with higher empathy scores. Importantly, however, whereas the performance in participants with higher empathy scores was comparable in both OXT and placebo condition, OXT specifically enhanced mentalizing accuracy in participants with lower empathy scores. Our findings suggest that OXT enhances mentalizing abilities. However, we also demonstrate that not all participants benefited from OXT application. It seems that the effects of OXT strongly depend on baseline social-cognitive skills such as empathy.
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Oxytocin improves cognitive empathy only in people with lower baseline trait empathy.
“or who display lower baseline trait empathy scores (Feeser et al., 2015).”
From Oxytocin increases attention to the eyes and selectively enhances self-reported affective empathy for fear (2017) · cites this paper as Feeser et al., 2015
Oxytocin has stronger effects when the task is more difficult.
“It is worth noting that OXT has been found to have stronger effects when task difficulty is higher (Domes et al., 2007a;Feeser et al., 2015)”
From Oxytocin increases attention to the eyes and selectively enhances self-reported affective empathy for fear (2017) · cites this paper as Feeser et al., 2015
The effect of oxytocin on empathy may be larger in populations that show empathy deficits.
“suggesting the effect of OXT on empathy may be greater in populations showing empathy deficits (Feeser et al., 2015).”
From Oxytocin increases attention to the eyes and selectively enhances self-reported affective empathy for fear (2017) · cites this paper as Feeser et al., 2015
OXT can facilitate CE in some contexts, particularly with cues restricted to eyes, but not in others where multiple cues are present.
“Thus, OXT can facilitate CE in some contexts, particularly with cues restricted to eyes, but not in others where multiple cues are present.”
From Oxytocin Enhancement of Emotional Empathy: Generalization Across Cultures and Effects on Amygdala Activity (2018) · cites this paper as Feeser et al., 2015
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- Authors
- Feeser, M., Fan, Y., Weigand, A., Hahn, A., Gärtner, M., Böker, H., Grimm, S., & Bajbouj, M.
- Affiliations
- Stiftung Charité (DE)
- University of Cologne (DE)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Feeser, Melanie
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 53
- Pages
- 223-232
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2084783440
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 16.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- oxytocin, mentalization, theory of mind, empathy, social cognition, Empathy Quotient, placebo effect, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Double-Blind Method, Empathy, Humans, Male, Oxytocics, Oxytocin, Random Allocation, Social Perception, Young Adult, Theory of Mind
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