Maternal metabolic conditions and risk for autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: We examined whether metabolic conditions (MCs) during pregnancy (diabetes, hypertension, and obesity) are associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), developmental delays (DD), or impairments in specific domains of development in the offspring. METHODS: Children aged 2 to 5 years (517 ASD, 172 DD, and 315 controls) were enrolled in the CHARGE (Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment) study, a population-based, case-control investigation between January 2003 and June 2010. Eligible children were born in California, had parents who spoke English or Spanish, and were living with a biological parent in selected regions of California. Children's diagnoses were confirmed by using standardized assessments. Information regarding maternal conditions was ascertained from medical records or structured interview with the mother. RESULTS: All MCs were more prevalent among case mothers compared with controls. Collectively, these conditions were associated with a higher likelihood of ASD and DD relative to controls (odds ratio: 1.61 [95% confidence interval: 1.10-2.37; odds ratio: 2.35 [95% confidence interval: 1.43-3.88], respectively). Among ASD cases, children of women with diabetes had Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) expressive language scores 0.4 SD lower than children of mothers without MCs (P < .01). Among children without ASD, those exposed to any MC scored lower on all MSEL and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) subscales and composites by at least 0.4 SD (P < .01 for each subscale/composite). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal MCs may be broadly associated with neurodevelopmental problems in children. With obesity rising steadily, these results appear to raise serious public health concerns.
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A 1.7-fold increased risk of autism spectrum disorder and nearly a 2-fold risk of developmental delays are independently associated with metabolic conditions.
“Notably, metabolic conditions are independently associated with a 1.7-fold increased risk of ASD and nearly a 2-fold risk of developmental delays (36).”
From Maternal Intake of Supplemental Iron and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder (2014) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Krakowiak, P., Walker, C. K., Bremer, A. A., Baker, A. S., Ozonoff, S., Hansen, R. L., & Hertz-Picciotto, I.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Krakowiak, P.
- Venue
- PEDIATRICS
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2012-04-09
- Volume
- 129
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e1121-e1128
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- PMC
- PMC3340592
- OpenAlex
- W2142654785
- Cited by
- 675
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 65 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 31.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (R-829388, R-833292)
- National Institutes of Health (P01 ES11269 and R01 ES015359, ES11269)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES020392, R01ES015359, P01ES011269)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, maternal diabetes, maternal hypertension, maternal obesity, prenatal risk factors, neurodevelopmental disorders, expressive language, adaptive behavior, CHARGE study
- MeSH terms
- California, Developmental Disabilities, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Language Development Disorders, Male, Obesity, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Factors, Statistics as Topic, Odds Ratio, Diabetes, Gestational, Metabolic Syndrome, Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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