Shared multisensory experience affects Others’ boundary: the enfacement illusion in schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia has been described as a psychiatric condition characterized by deficits in one's own and others' face recognition, as well as by a disturbed sense of body-ownership. To date, no study has integrated these two lines of research with the aim of investigating Enfacement Illusion (EI) proneness in schizophrenia. To accomplish this goal, the classic EI protocol was adapted to test the potential plasticity of both Self-Other and Other-Other boundaries. Results showed that EI induced the expected malleability of Self-Other boundary among both controls and patients. Interestingly, for the first time, the present study demonstrates that also the Other-Other boundary was influenced by EI. Furthermore, comparing the two groups, the malleability of the Other-Other boundary showed an opposite modulation. These results suggest that, instead of greater Self-Other boundary plasticity, a qualitative difference can be detected between schizophrenia patients and controls in the malleability of the Other-Other boundary. The present study points out a totally new aspect about body-illusions and schizophrenia disorder, demonstrating that EI is not only confined to self-sphere but it also affects the way we discriminate others, representing a potential crucial aspect in the social domain.
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Recognition of images of the self appears to be impaired in schizophrenia.
“Recognition of images of the self also appears to be impaired in schizophrenia (Ferroni et al., 2019; Sandsten et al., 2020).”
From Atypical interoception as a common risk factor for psychopathology: A review (2021) · cites this paper as Ferroni et al., 2019
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Kasahara, S., Kumasaki, N., & Shimizu, K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-63233-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Evaluating the abnormal neural variability in schizophrenia: A TMS-EEG study
Niu, Z., Jia, L., Tian, L., Liu, Y., Lian, S., Liu, Y., Li, Y., & Xiaoli Li, A. (2025) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2025.08.005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Paredes, R., Grigoraș, V., Ferroni, F., Ardizzi, M., Ferri, F., & Seriès, P. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.06.014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationAltered self-recognition in schizophrenia - A reply to critics
Sandsten, K. E., & Parnas, J. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.10.007 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-face Recognition in Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis
Wang, T., Pu, Y., Xiao, S., Li, W., Xiao-fen, S., & Liu, X. (2021) · doi:10.1109/icnlp52887.2021.00041
Pennisi, G. (2025) · Perspectives in pragmatics, psychology & philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-13214-7_6
Face Identity Recognition with Interference of Unusual Features by People with SchizophreniaPreprint
de Miranda-Lima, M. M., Lacerda, A. M., Simas, M. L. D. B., & TORRO-ALVES, N. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.02.07.26345453
The autism-schizophrenia continuum : prosodic and conversational patterns as new endophenotypes
Lucarini, V. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b674de0bz354ez4361zb6fez867240052631
Self-citation
- Authors
- Ferroni, F., Ardizzi, M., Sestito, M., Lucarini, V., Daniel, B. D., Paraboschi, F., Tonna, M., Marchesi, C., & Gallese, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Parma (IT)
- Wright State University (US)
- Azienda Unita' Sanitaria Locale di Parma (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Ardizzi, M.
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 206
- Pages
- 225-235
- ISSN
- 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2901897490
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 5.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Maria Paola Chiesi
- PRIN grant on Perception, Performativity and the Cognitive Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- enfacement illusion, schizophrenia
- MeSH terms
- Facial Recognition, Adult, Female, Humans, Illusions, Male, Schizophrenia, Touch Perception
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