Balancing the “inner” and the “outer” self: interoceptive sensitivity modulates self-other boundaries
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Distinguishing self from other is necessary for self-awareness and social interactions. This distinction is thought to depend on multisensory integration dominated by visual feedback. However, self-awareness also relies on the processing of interoceptive signals. We contrasted the exteroceptive and interoceptive models of the self to investigate the hitherto unexplored interaction between the perception of the self from the outside and from within. Multisensory stimulation between self and other was used to induce controlled changes in the representation of one's identity. Interoceptive sensitivity predicted the malleability of self-representations in response to multisensory integration across behavioral, physiological, and introspective responses, suggesting that interoception plays a key modulating role in the self-recognition system. In particular, only participants with low interoceptive sensitivity experienced changes in self-other boundaries in response to multisensory stimulation. These results support the view that interoceptive predictive coding models are used to monitor and assign the sources of sensory input either to the self or to others, as well as support the hypothesis of the insular cortex as a convergence zone in the processing and global representation of the material self given its involvement in both interoceptive feelings, multisensory integration, and self-processing.
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Predictive coding models of interoception have explanatory power for observations on emotion, extending to self-representation, and for structural and functional organizational features of the brain, notably insular cortex and its relationship to visceromotor centres.
“Predictive coding models of interoception have explanatory power, both for observations on emotion, extending to self-representation and, interestingly, in accounting for both structural and functional organizational features of the brain, notably insular cortex and its relationship to visceromotor centres [3,48,39,49,43,44,45 ,46,50 ].”
From Interoception and emotion. (2017) · cites this paper as [49]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExteroceptive sensations inform the perception of our environmental surroundings.
“Sensations based on external stimuli are categorized as exteroceptive sensations, which inform the perception of our environmental surroundings (Suzuki et al., 2013; Durlik et al., 2014; Tajadura-Jiménez and Tsakiris, 2014).”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Tajadura-Jiménez and Tsakiris, 2014
The Introduction defines exteroception as perceiving the body from the outside, and the Discussion describes external sensory cues contributing to body awareness. The paper does not extend that account to perception of environmental surroundings generally; its focus is perception of the self and body. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRepresentations of one's own face appear to be more malleable in those with poor interoceptive accuracy.
“Similarly, representations of one’s own face appear to be more malleable (assessed by the enfacement illusion; Sforza et al., 2010) in those with poor interoceptive accuracy (Tajadura-Jiménez and Tsakiris, 2014).”
From Atypical interoception as a common risk factor for psychopathology: A review (2021) · cites this paper as Tajadura-Jiménez and Tsakiris, 2014
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Tajadura-Jiménez, A., & Tsakiris, M.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 736-744
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- PMC
- PMC3848898
- OpenAlex
- W2138856282
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 13.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (RES-061-25-0233)
- European Research Council (ERC-2010-StG-262853)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Keywords
- interoceptive sensitivity, self-other boundary, self-awareness, multisensory integration, interoception, predictive coding, insula, self-representation, self-recognition, exteroception, material self
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Arousal, Facial Expression, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Perception, Self Concept, Social Perception
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