Looking for myself: current multisensory input alters self-face recognition
Open accessAbstract
How do I know the person I see in the mirror is really me? Is it because I know the person simply looks like me, or is it because the mirror reflection moves when I move, and I see it being touched when I feel touch myself? Studies of face-recognition suggest that visual recognition of stored visual features inform self-face recognition. In contrast, body-recognition studies conclude that multisensory integration is the main cue to selfhood. The present study investigates for the first time the specific contribution of current multisensory input for self-face recognition. Participants were stroked on their face while they were looking at a morphed face being touched in synchrony or asynchrony. Before and after the visuo-tactile stimulation participants performed a self-recognition task. The results show that multisensory signals have a significant effect on self-face recognition. Synchronous tactile stimulation while watching another person's face being similarly touched produced a bias in recognizing one's own face, in the direction of the other person included in the representation of one's own face. Multisensory integration can update cognitive representations of one's body, such as the sense of ownership. The present study extends this converging evidence by showing that the correlation of synchronous multisensory signals also updates the representation of one's face. The face is a key feature of our identity, but at the same time is a source of rich multisensory experiences used to maintain or update self-representations.
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Experimentally induced modulations of body ownership enhance perceived physical similarity between self and other.
“The first relevant finding to support our argument is that experimentally induced modulations of body ownership enhance perceived physical similarity between self and other.”
From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
After experiencing an enfacement illusion, participants accepted morphed photos of faces with a higher percentage of the other as depicting themselves, suggesting that the participants' stored representations of their own faces were altered to incorporate aspects of the other person.
“In a more objective quantification of a comparable effect, participants accepted morphed photos of faces with a higher percentage of the other as depicting themselves after experiencing an enfacement illusion, suggesting that the participants' stored representations of their own faces were altered to incorporate aspects of the other person [26,35,36].”
From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
After the rubber hand illusion, participants rated the rubber hand as more physically similar to their own.
“For example, after the rubber hand illusion, participants rated the rubber hand as more physically similar to their own [26].”
From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
Enfacement produces a measurable bias in self-face recognition, whereby participants perceive the other's face as looking more like their own.
“produces a measurable bias in self-face recognition, whereby participants perceive the other's face as looking more like their own [26,35,36].”
From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
Tsakiris [32] showed that synchronous, but not asynchronous, visuo-tactile stimulation between the participant's own face and a morphed face produced a measurable bias in self-face recognition.
“Tsakiris [32] showed that synchronous, but not asynchronous, visuo-tactile stimulation between the participant’s own face and a morphed face, containing a blending of the facial features of the participant (50%) with the features of someone else’s face (50%), produced a measurable bias in self-face recognition.”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
Using unfamiliar, gender-matched faces rules out the possibility that the bias in self-face recognition towards the other's face could be accounted simply by face familiarity and affiliation with the other.
“Using unfamiliar faces rules out the possibility that the bias in self-face recognition towards the other’s face could be accounted simply by face familiarity and affiliation with the other [32], while obtaining a baseline self-recognition prior to stimulation allows us to quantify the exact change in self-face recognition as a result of multisensory stimulation (cf. [33]).”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
These findings are compatible with the behavioral results of Tsakiris [32] and Sforza et al. [33], but importantly, they show, for the first time, that IMS between one's own face and a completely unknown face can affect the mental representation of one's own face.
“These findings are compatible with the behavioral results of Tsakiris [32] and Sforza et al. [33], but importantly, they show, for the first time, that IMS between one’s own face and a completely unknown face can affect the mental representation of one’s own face.”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
Tsakiris [32] used a self-other morphed face during visuo-tactile stimulation, rather than an unfamiliar other.
“Tsakiris [32] used a self-other morphed face during visuo-tactile stimulation, rather than an unfamiliar other;”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
Tsakiris [32] and Sforza et al. [33] failed to find significant differences between self-recognition changes for the "self to other" and "other to self" directions and between judgments under different instruction conditions.
“This issue was investigated by Tsakiris [32] and Sforza et al. [33], who failed to find significant differences between self-recognition changes for the “self to other” and “other to self” directions [32] and between the judgments given under different instruction conditions (e.g., to evaluate the amount of “self” or to evaluate the amount of “other” contained in the morphs) [33].”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
Experiment 1 was designed to control for potential confounds reported in previous studies, such as the use of a familiar face and the lack of a pre-test baseline self-recognition performance.
“Experiment 1 was designed to control for potential confounds reported in previous studies, such as the use of a familiar face [32], [33] and the lack of a pre-test baseline self-recognition performance [33].”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
The asymmetric effect for the two directions of morphing was also observed in Experiment 1, but was not found in previous studies where the other's face was a familiar one.
“This asymmetric effect for the two directions of morphing could also be observed in Experiment 1, but was not found in previous studies where the other’s face was a familiar one [32], [33].”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
It is unlikely that synchronous IMS disrupts face recognition performance in general, because Tsakiris showed the behavioral effect to be specific to the face seen during visuo-tactile stimulation and not to other familiar faces not seen during stimulation.
“Is it possible that synchronous IMS disrupts face recognition performance in general? This seems unlikely, given that Tsakiris [32] showed the behavioral effect to be specific to the face seen during visuo-tactile stimulation, and not to other familiar faces that were not seen during stimulation.”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
The percentage of change in Experiment 1 is comparable to that reported in similar studies that used a familiar "other" face (1.8% and 4.4%).
“The percentage of change reported in Experiment 1 is comparable to that reported in similar studies that used a familiar “other” face (1.8% in [32], and 4.4% in [33]).”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
Previous studies failed to find significant differences between self-recognition changes for the "self to other" and "other to self" directions in a video morphing task, and between judgments under different instruction conditions.
“Previous studies failed to find significant differences between self-recognition changes for the “self to other” and “other to self” directions in a video morphing from one face to the other [32], a task identical to the one used in our Experiment 4, and between the judgments of morphed images under different instruction conditions (either to evaluate the amount of “self” or to evaluate the amount”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [32]
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Fribourg, R., Ogawa, N., Hoyet, L., Argelaguet, F., Narumi, T., Hirose, M., & Lécuyer, A. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2020.2999197 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Sel, A., Azevedo, R. T., & Tsakiris, M. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw296 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Explaining mirror-touch synesthesia
Ward, J., & Banissy, M. J. (2015) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2015.1042444 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Pfeiffer, C., Lopez, C., Schmutz, V., Dueñas, J., Martuzzi, R., & Blanke, O. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061751 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Fotopoulou, A., Jenkinson, P. M., Manos Tsakiris, A., Haggard, P., Rudd, A., & Kopelman, M. D. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.10.011 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Using Facial Animation to Increase the Enfacement Illusion and Avatar Self-Identification
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The ‘Enfacement’ illusion: A window on the plasticity of the self
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Losing One's Hand: Visual-Proprioceptive Conflict Affects Touch Perception
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Neural Mechanisms of Body Awareness in Infants
Filippetti, M. L., Lloyd‐Fox, S., Longo, M. R., Farroni, T., & Johnson, M. H. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu261 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The self and its prolonged intrinsic neural timescale in schizophrenia
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Embodied VR environment facilitates motor imagery brain–computer interface training
Škola, F., & Liarokapis, F. (2018) · Computers & Graphics · doi:10.1016/j.cag.2018.05.024 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Toward Enhanced Teleoperation Through Embodiment
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The N250 Brain Potential to Personally Familiar and Newly Learned Faces and Objects
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The bodily self and its disorders: neurological, psychological and social aspects
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A neuroanatomical predictor of mirror self-recognition in chimpanzees
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Fluidity of gender identity induced by illusory body-sex change
Tacikowski, P., Fust, J., & Ehrsson, H. H. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71467-z · Cited by 74 · see citing works
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Filippetti, M. L., & Manos Tsakiris, A. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.11.002 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Mroczko-Wąsowicz, A., & Werning, M. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00279 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Mirror-touch synaesthesia changes representations of self-identity
Maister, L., Banissy, M. J., & Tsakiris, M. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.01.020 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Monti, A., Porciello, G., Panasiti, M. S., & Aglioti, S. M. (2021) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-021-01477-7 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Farmer, H., & Maister, L. (2017) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-017-0294-1 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
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The Effect of Gender Body-Swap Illusions on Working Memory and Stereotype Threat
Peck, T. C., Doan, M., Bourne, K. A., & Good, J. J. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2018.2793598 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-face advantage over familiar and unfamiliar faces: A three-level meta-analytic approach
Bortolon, C., & Raffard, S. (2018) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-018-1487-9 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Fini, C., Cardini, F., Tajadura-Jiménez, A., Serino, A., & Tsakiris, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00165 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Affective Touch Enhances Self-Face Recognition During Multisensory Integration
Panagiotopoulou, E., Filippetti, M. L., Manos Tsakiris, A., & Fotopoulou, A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13345-9 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Oxytocin sharpens self-other perceptual boundary
Colonnello, V., Chen, F. S., Panksepp, J., & Heinrichs, M. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.08.010 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Perception of Our Own Body Influences Self-Concept and Self-Incoherence Impairs Episodic Memory
Tacikowski, P., Weijs, M. L., & Ehrsson, H. H. (2020) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101429 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Farmer, H., McKay, R., & Manos Tsakiris, A. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613494852 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-other bodily merging in the context of synchronous but arbitrary-related multisensory inputs.
Mazzurega, M., Pavani, F., Paladino, M. P., & Schubert, T. W. (2011) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-011-2744-6 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Body perception, awareness, and illusions
Costantini, M. (2014) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1309 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
My face, my heart: Cultural differences in integrated bodily self-awareness
Maister, L., & Manos Tsakiris, A. (2013) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2013.808613 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
That’s not quite me: limb ownership encoding in the brain
Limanowski, J., & Blankenburg, F. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv079 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Wolman, A., Çatal, Y., Wolff, A., Wainio‐Theberge, S., Scalabrini, A., Ahmadi, A. E., & Northoff, G. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119896 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Mood migration: How enfacing a smile makes you happier
Ma, K., Sellaro, R., Lippelt, D. P., & Hommel, B. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.02.018 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Frontier of Self and Impact Prediction
Cléry, J. C., & Hamed, S. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01073 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Payne, S., & Manos Tsakiris, A. (2016) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0461-0 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Visual processing of moving and static self body-parts
Frassinetti, F., Pavani, F., Zamagni, E., Fusaroli, G., Vescovi, M., Benassi, M., Avanzi, S., & Farnè, A. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.012 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Animation realism affects perceived character appeal of a self-virtual face
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Gaggioli, A., Ferscha, A., Riva, G., Dunne, S., & Viaud‐Delmon, I. (2015) · doi:10.1515/9783110471137 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cardini, F., Tajadura‐Jiménez, A., Serino, A., & Manos Tsakiris, A. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0031049 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Apps, M. A. J., Tajadura‐Jiménez, A., Turley, G., & Manos Tsakiris, A. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.053 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The rubber hand illusion in a mirror
Bertamini, M., Berselli, N., Bode, C., Lawson, R., & Wong, L. T. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.04.006 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Binding body and self in visuo‐vestibular conflicts
Macauda, G., Bertolini, G., Palla, A., Straumann, D., Brugger, P., & Lenggenhager, B. (2014) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12809 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
I feel your fear: shared touch between faces facilitates recognition of fearful facial expressions
Maister, L., Tsiakkas, E., & Tsakiris, M. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0030884 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Is that me in the mirror? Depersonalisation modulates tactile mirroring mechanisms
Adler, J., Schabinger, N., Michal, M., Beutel, M. E., & Gillmeister, H. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.009 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Altered self-recognition in patients with schizophrenia
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Enfacing others but only if they are nice to you
Bufalari, I., Lenggenhager, B., Porciello, G., Holmes, B. S., & Aglioti, S. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00102 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Cohesion and Joint Speech: Right Hemisphere Contributions to Synchronized Vocal Production
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Audio-visual sensory deprivation degrades visuo-tactile peri-personal space
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Perceiving a Stranger's Voice as Being One's Own: A ‘Rubber Voice’ Illusion?
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The development of body representations: an associative learning account
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“I” and “Me”: The Self in the Context of Consciousness
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My true face: Unmasking one's own face representation
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What can mirror-touch synaesthesia tell us about the sense of agency?
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Atypical bodily self-awareness in vicarious pain responders
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- Authors
- Tsakiris, M.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2008-12-24
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e4040
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2603324
- OpenAlex
- W2155205708
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 11.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Royal Holloway Digital Repository (Royal Holloway University of London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Royal Holloway Digital Repository (Royal Holloway University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (RES‐061‐25‐0233)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- self-face recognition, multisensory integration, visuo-tactile stimulation, representation of the body, self-representation, face identity, specular reflection, morphed faces
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Awareness, Body Image, Face, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Mental Processes, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Physical Stimulation, Self Concept, Sensation, Visual Perception, Recognition, Psychology, Young Adult
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