The perception of self-produced sensory stimuli in patients with auditory hallucinations and passivity experiences: evidence for a breakdown in self-monitoring
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: To test the hypothesis that certain psychotic symptomatology is due to a defect in self-monitoring, we investigated the ability of groups of psychiatric patients to differentiate perceptually between self-produced and externally produced tactile stimuli. METHODS: Responses to tactile stimulation were assessed in three groups of subjects: schizophrenic patients; patients with bipolar affective disorder or depression; and normal control subjects. Within the psychiatric groups subjects were divided on the basis of the presence or absence of auditory hallucinations and/or passivity experiences. The subjects were asked to rate the perception of a tactile sensation on the palm of their left hand. The tactile stimulation was either self-produced by movement of the subject's right hand or externally produced by the experimenter. RESULTS: Normal control subjects and those psychiatric patients with neither auditory hallucinations nor passivity phenomena experienced self-produced stimuli as less intense, tickly and pleasant than identical, externally produced tactile stimuli. In contrast, psychiatric patients with these symptoms did not show a decrease in their perceptual ratings for tactile stimuli produced by themselves as compared with those produced by the experimenter. This failure to show a difference in perception between self-produced and externally produced stimuli appears to relate to the presence of auditory hallucinations and/or passivity experiences rather than to the diagnosis of schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that auditory hallucinations and passivity experiences are associated with an abnormality in the self-monitoring mechanism that normally allows us to distinguish self-produced from externally produced sensations.
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Disturbances of sensed agency, for example in schizophrenia, arise from imprecise predictions about the sensory consequences of actions.
“Such models propose that disturbances of sensed agency, for example in schizophrenia, arise from imprecise predictions about the sensory consequences of actions”
From An Interoceptive Predictive Coding Model of Conscious Presence (2012) · cites this paper as Blakemore et al., 2000
The Introduction and figure description explain that a forward model predicts the sensory consequences of actions. The Discussion links passivity experiences to a lack of awareness of predicted limb position and finds impaired perception of self-produced stimuli in patients with hallucinations and/or passivity experiences. It does not establish that imprecise predictions themselves cause disturbances of agency in schizophrenia generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPredictive coding models have previously been applied to the sense of agency.
“Predictive coding models have previously been applied to the sense of agency”
From An Interoceptive Predictive Coding Model of Conscious Presence (2012) · cites this paper as Blakemore et al., 2000
Patients with AVHs do not show a difference between the tickle sensation evoked by others and by themselves, when both healthy controls and patients without AVHs do.
“patients with AVHs do not show a difference between the tickle sensation evoked by others and by themselves, when both healthy controls and patients without AVHs do (Blakemore et al., 2000).”
From Auditory verbal hallucinations as atypical inner speech monitoring, and the potential of neurostimulation as a treatment option (2013) · cites this paper as Blakemore et al., 2000
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- Authors
- BLAKEMORE, S.-J., SMITH, J., STEEL, R., JOHNSTONE, E. C., & FRITH, C. D.
- Affiliations
- Royal Edinburgh Hospital (GB)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1131-1139
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2122450331
- Cited by
- 497
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 6.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- auditory hallucinations, self-monitoring, tactile perception, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, psychotic symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Auditory Perception, Awareness, Bipolar Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Feedback, Female, Hallucinations, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Motivation, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Sensory Thresholds, Touch
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