The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 50 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Short- and long-chain perfluoroalkyl substances in the water, suspended particulate matter, and surface sediment of a turbid river
Open accessAbstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have attracted attentions all around the world. However, little is known about their distribution among water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment phases in rivers, especially for the short-chain PFASs. In this work, the Yellow River, the largest turbid river in the world, was selected as a case to study eleven kinds of PFASs in the three phases of rivers. These PFASs included C4-C12 perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs), perfluorobutyl sulfonate (PFBS), and perfluorooctansulfonate (PFOS), among which C4-C7 PFCAs and PFBS belong to short-chain PFASs, while C8-C12 PFCAs and PFOS belong to long-chain PFASs. The results showed that the total PFAS concentration ranged from 44.7ngL(-1) to 1.52μgL(-1) in the water, from 8.19 to 17.4ngg(-1) in the sediment, and from 3.44 to 14.7ngg(-1) in the SPM. Short-chain PFASs predominated in the water and could reach up to 88.8% of the total PFAS concentration in water, while long-chain PFASs prevailed in the sediment and SPM. The PFAS concentration in SPM showed a significant negative correlation with SPM concentration in river water (p<0.01). The distribution coefficients (Kd) of PFASs between sediment/SPM and water increased with their chain length and there was a positive correlation between logKd and logKow (octanol-water partition coefficients). The total annual flux of all the eleven PFASs was estimated at 3.88tons for the Yellow River into the Bohai Sea, among which the PFOA flux was the highest (0.90tons). The widely occurrence and high concentrations of short-chain PFASs in the Yellow River indicates the shift of manufacturing focus of perfluoroalkyl chemicals from traditional long-chain ones to short-chain ones. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the eco-environmental risks of these short-chain PFASs in water environments.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
2 of 50 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the biggest contribution was not PFOA (from <1% to 24%) among PFASs, but short-chain PFASs such as PFBA (1-45%), PFPnA (4-58%), and PFHxA (2-51%) for the water phase of the Yellow River”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the concentration of PFOS was higher than PFBS at all the sampling sites”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total annual flux of all the eleven PFASs was estimated at 3.88 tons for the Yellow River into the Bohai Sea”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The PFAS concentrations measured during the sampling period are representative of the annual average for estimating annual flux.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“could reach up to 88.8% of the total PFAS concentration in the water (at M6，Xiaolangdi)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Short-chain PFASs prevailed over long-chain PFASs in 15 sampling sites”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“could reach up to 88.8% of the total PFAS concentration in water”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the maximum value was observed at the Fenhe River, which received many industry effluents”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“among which the PFOA flux was the highest (0.90 tons)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no correlation was observed between the concentrations of short-chain PFCAs and those of long-chain PFCAs and PFOS”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the total concentrations of dissolved PFASs were in the range of 44.7-263 ng L -1 and 79.9-1526 ng L -1 for the main stream and tributaries, respectively”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Thus PFASs may have adverse effects on wild life and even human beings through the food web”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Kannan et al., 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) report that PFOS biomagnifies through a Great Lakes food chain, with the highest concentrations in mink and bald eagles. This supports food-web exposure in wildlife, but the paper does not establish adverse effects or address effects in humans. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“PFOA and PFOS may have reproductive and developmental toxicity on rodents”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Lau et al., 2004 source
The sections on PFOS and PFOA report adverse outcomes in rodent offspring, including pup mortality and impaired growth. The PFOA section also reports delayed sexual maturity in rats, supporting the hedged claim about reproductive and developmental toxicity. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Generally, tributaries had higher concentrations than the main stream (T2>M2, T4>M7, T5>M8, T6>M11), except that T3 had a lower concentration than M3.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only PFBS (detection frequency=85%), PFPnA (90%), PFHpA (95%), and PFUdA (90%) were not detected at some places while the rest of PFASs were detected at all the sampling sites (n=20)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 20Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the main stream, the maximum value was observed at the Aishan station, with PFOA (7.80 ng g -1 ) and PFPnA (3.18 ng g -1 ) being the predominant compounds.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 18Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFBS was only detected at 16 sites while other PFASs were detected at all the sampling sites (n=18, Table 1)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 18Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFBA was only detected in two of the 10 studied sites, PFPnA and PFHxA were not found for any studied sites”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFHxA ranked the first in the dissolved fraction (851 kg), followed by PFBA (468 kg) and PFPnA (300 kg).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Annual average PFAS concentrations in the Yellow River are not significantly different from those measured in this study.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Long-chain PFASs contributed much more than the short-chain ones to the total PFAS concentration, with PFOA alone contributing 42.3% on average, followed by PFDA (13.9%),PFNA (11.9%), and PFUdA (10.3%).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“compared with other previous studies about the Yellow River (Table S5), both the short-and long-chain PFAS concentrations showed increase in the water and sediment phases”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sum of all long-chain PFAS annual fluxes in SPM attached form was 1664.1 kg, which was three times higher compared to that in dissolved form.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Annual average PFAS concentrations in the Yellow River are not significantly different from those measured in this study.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the tributaries, the highest value of the total PFAS concentration was observed at the Dongpinghu Lake with five of the eleven PFASs analyzed being the maximum among the studied tributaries.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the detected PFASs, PFOA was the predominant one with average contribution being 42%, followed by PFUdA (20%), PFDA (12%), and PFDoA (12%)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The highest PFAS concentration was reached at the Aishan station (M11), where PFOA was the predominant compound (6.31 ng g -1 , data not shown).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Short-chain PFASs were detected and have a considerable contribution (up to 88.8%) in the water phase.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 4 Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, they were non-detectable or at very low levels and have much lower contribution in the sediment or SPM.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 4 Conclusions
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The correlation coefficients of the standard calibration curves were higher than 0.99”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 2.5 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It has been reported that short-chain PFASs are as persistent as and more mobile in long-range transport than the long-chain homologues”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wang et al., 2015 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the PFAS concentrations in samples were not corrected according to the recoveries”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 2.5 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The LOQs for the target chemicals in the LC-MS/MS ranged from 0.0058 to 0.65 µg L -1”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 2.5 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each sample had three replicates and the standard deviation was less than 5%”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 2.5 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is because the pollution source of T2 (Fenhe River) still had an effect on the main stream due to the fact that the maximum value was observed at the Fenhe River, which received many industry effluents.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PFBA was detected with an average of 7.59 ng L -1 in the Haihe River and 18.1 ng L -1 in Dagu Drainage Canal (China), which was dominant in both of the rivers”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yao et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Procedural blank samples also showed no detection of the target chemicals”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 2.5 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the fluorocarbon chains of PFASs are both hydrophobic and lipophobic, their distribution may be different from other well studied HOCs in rivers.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Perfluoropentanoate (PFPnA), perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA), and PFOA were the dominant PFASs in the Northwest Pacific Ocean and PFPnA dominated in the Bering Sea”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cai et al., 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“short-chain PFASs (C4-C6) were detected with a comparable level of the longer-chain PFASs (>C6) in the water samples from Dagu Drainage Canal (Dagu) in Tianjin, China, and perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA) was the dominant type in the short-chain analogues”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yao et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Many studies found that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were the dominant compounds and they were believed to be the final transformation products of other PFASs”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Short-chain PFASs, which are defined as n < 6 for perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) and n < 7 for perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) (OECD, 2011), have been detected and even prevail over long-chain PFASs in some places.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites OECD, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recoveries of MPFOA in the water samples ranged from 81% to 124%”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 2.5 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) tend to be associated with sediment and SPM, which play important roles in controlling the fate and bioavailability of HOCs in aquatic environment, especially in turbid rivers”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PFOA may exert hepatic toxic and have potential carcinogenicity on rats”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kennedy, G. L., 2004 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PFBS and PFBA were the predominant PFASs in the surface water of the Tangxun Lake in Wuhan, China, with relatively high average concentrations of 3660 ng L -1 and 4770 ng L -1 , respectively”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zhou et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Many investigators have found that PFASs could be accumulated by aquatic organisms”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may be due to the high solubility of these compounds, leading to less adsorption onto the sediment, since the solubility of PFASs decreased with increasing carbon chain length.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This is because Kd is a variable that depends on the physical, chemical, and biological conditions of the water body and varies within and among aquatic ecosystems (Zhang et al., 2013;Johansson et al., 2001).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It has the potential to transfer from the water to solid phases, leading to the nonequilibrium between solid and water phases in the Yellow River.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The highest PFAS value at the Dongpinghu Lake might be one reason for the highest PFAS concentration in the sediment of the Aishan station because the Dongpinghu Lake lies at the upper stream (about 30 km away) of the Aishan station.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This founding is in contrast with other reports that the sorption of sulfonate will be stronger than the analogous carboxylic acid (Vierke et al., 2014).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vierke et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Lots of literature have documented the chain-length dependence of PFAS sorption (Lasier et al., 2011;Xia et al., 2013;2015).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lasier et al., 2011 source
- Not matchedcites Xia et al., 2013;2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Besides, this variability may be caused by the nonequilibrium of PFASs between sediment/SPM and water in the Yellow River.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The main possible sources of PFOS include food-packaging, textile, electroplating, firefighting and semiconductor industry emission sources and the precious metals and coating industry emission sources in China”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Qi et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that there might be some PFAS sources”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The total PFAS concentration in the Yellow River was at similar levels as in the Haihe River, which also empties into the Bohai Sea, with the total PFAS concentration (PFOS and C8-C12 PFCAs) in surface sediment ranged between 0.52 and 16.33 ng/g dry weight”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zhao et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“which found that short-chain PFCAs were exclusively detected in water, while longer-chain PFCAs and PFSAs appeared to bind more strongly to particles”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ahrens et al., 2010 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This might be due to the dilution effect of SPM and the particle concentration effect of contaminant sorption on SPM (Dong et al., 2013;Turner and Rawling, 2002).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A previous research has reported that the log Koc was in the range of 1.70-3.80for C5-C12 PFCAs and 1.75-2.97for C4-C8 PFSAs (Zhao et al., 2012), which is similar to our results.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zhao et al., 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is comparable to the level reported by a previous research conducted in Tokyo Bay (Japan) that the total PFAS concentration ranged from 6.4 to 15.1 ng g -1 (dry weight) in the SPM fraction”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ahrens et al., 2010 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This might be caused by: 1) more possible sources of short-chain PFASs existed in the downstream relative to the long-chain PFASs;”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In a water-saturated sediment column test, short-chain PFCAs and PFSAs with up to six carbon atoms showed complete breakthrough while longer-chain ones were retarded, suggesting ground water may be affected by contaminated surface waters (Vierke et al., 2014).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vierke et al., 2014 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, when the contamination of short-chain PFASs is at the same level of long-chain PFASs in surface water, less of them will be trapped in the soil or sediment and much more will permeate into the ground water than the long-chain PFASs.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Trace levels of PFASs were detected in soil cores from biosolids-amended soils to depths of 120 cm, suggesting potential movement of these compounds within the soil profile over time and confirming the higher transport potential for short-chain PFASs in soils amended with municipal biosolids (Sepulvado et al., 2011).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sepulvado et al., 2011 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Little is known about the distribution of short-chain PFASs among water, suspended particulate matter, and sediment in rivers.
“However, little is known about their distribution among water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment phases in rivers, especially for the short-chain PFASs.”
“However, little is known about the distribution of short-chain PFASs among water, SPM, and sediment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The PFAS concentrations measured during the sampling period are representative of the annual average for estimating annual flux.
“The total annual flux of all the eleven PFASs was estimated at 3.88 tons for the Yellow River into the Bohai Sea”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Yellow River is a typical case for studying PFAS distribution in turbid rivers.
“Because the Yellow River is the largest turbid river in the world (Liu et al., 2013), this study took it as a typical case to investigate the PFAS distribution in turbid rivers”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 20 sampling sites are representative of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.
“Water and sediment samples were collected from 20 sites along the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 10 sites for suspended particulate matter are representative of the suspended particulate matter in the Yellow River.
“Due to the low SPM concentration in the overlying water at some sampling sites, enough SPM sample for the determination of PFASs was obtained only from ten sites.”
The paper relies on this without support.
After 2002, some traditional long-chain PFASs were replaced by shorter-chain alternatives.
“After that, some”
The paper relies on this without support.
PFOS was replaced by PFBS by 3M Company after 2003.
“For example, PFOS was replaced by perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) by 3M Company after 2003.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No tributaries, industrial wastewater discharges, or domestic sewage enter the Yellow River between Luokou station and the river mouth, and Luokou station is not influenced by seawater.
“Because there are no tributaries, industrial wastewater discharges and domestic sewage flow into the Yellow River segment between the Luokou station (M12) and the river mouth, and the Luokou station is free from the seawater influence, the flux of PFASs at Luokou can represent the contribution of the river to the sea.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Annual average PFAS concentrations in the Yellow River are not significantly different from those measured in this study.
“Thus, it is reasonable to assume that the annual average concentrations of PFASs are not significantly different from the results obtained in this research for the Yellow River, and the total annual mass loadings of PFASs (Ftotal, kg) of the Yellow River can be calculated according to the following equations.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The abundance of PFBA in groundwater near the Mississippi River may be largely attributable to upstream sources and the mobility of short-chain PFAAs in organic matter-containing sediments (Gao et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2016), enabling PFBA from the river to penetrate the porous carbonate strata into which these wells are bored.”
From PFAS in Iowa drinking water sources: Chemical and geospatial patterns (2025) · cites this paper as Zhao et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Other potential factors such as adsorption of long-chain PFAS to riverine solids (e.g. sediments) and soft tissues (e.g. aquatic plants) could potentially explain the prevalence of short-chain over long-chain PFAS in river Ouse (Zhao et al., 2016).”
From Occurrence of emerging and persistent organic pollutants in the rivers Cam, Ouse and Thames, UK (2025) · cites this paper as Zhao et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The long-chain PFAS, on the other hand, are more likely to adsorb to the surfaces of sediments and aquatic plants in rivers (Ahrens and Bundschuh, 2014; Zhao et al., 2016).”
From Occurrence of emerging and persistent organic pollutants in the rivers Cam, Ouse and Thames, UK (2025) · cites this paper as Zhao et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
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“(6) and (7)35 to further define the real rate-controlling step in the entire adsorption process36.”
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“Indirect pollution sources encompass wet and dry deposition [46], surface runoff [47], and the biological or chemical transformation of PFASs precursors in the environment This trend was observed in basins such as the Songhua River, Haihe River, and Hongze Lake.”
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“Numerous studies have shown that PFASs are frequently detected in a variety of environmental media, such as water, air, soil, dust, and sediment (Ahmed et al. 2020; Pan et al. 2014a; Wang et al. 2015; Yao et al. 2018; Zhao et al. 2016b).”
BackgroundOccurrence of traffic related trace elements and organic micropollutants in tunnel wash water
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PFAS in PMs might be the escalating hazard to the lung health
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“Short-chain PFASs are defined as perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) containing seven or fewer carbons and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) containing six or fewer carbons, with compounds above these limits classified as long-chain PFASs [7].”
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“The stability of short-chain PFAS may be attributed to their lower tendency to adsorb to sediments compared with long-chain PFAS having stronger adsorption to sediments and organic matter (Zhao et al., 2016).”
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“While not included in the Stockholm Convention, short chain PFAS are of growing concern, since manufacturing focus has shifted to shorter chain compounds, and these compounds tend to be present in water, due to their poor sorbtion to soil [16].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zhao, P., Xia, X., Dong, J., Xia, N., Jiang, X., Li, Y., & Zhu, Y.
- Affiliations
- Beijing Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xia, Xinghui
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 568
- Pages
- 57-65
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2409241154
- Cited by
- 322
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12
- FWCI
- 7.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 249 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (51325902, 91547207, 51279010, 51421065)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Environmental Chemistry and Analysis
- Keywords
- perfluorinated compounds, short-chain PFASs, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, Yellow River, turbid rivers, suspended particulate matter, river sediments, distribution coefficient, octanol-water partition coefficient, Bohai Sea
- MeSH terms
- China, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Fresh Water, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Geologic Sediments, Rivers, Particulate Matter
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