The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 50 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Short- and long-chain perfluoroalkyl substances in the water, suspended particulate matter, and surface sediment of a turbid river
Open accessAbstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have attracted attentions all around the world. However, little is known about their distribution among water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment phases in rivers, especially for the short-chain PFASs. In this work, the Yellow River, the largest turbid river in the world, was selected as a case to study eleven kinds of PFASs in the three phases of rivers. These PFASs included C4-C12 perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs), perfluorobutyl sulfonate (PFBS), and perfluorooctansulfonate (PFOS), among which C4-C7 PFCAs and PFBS belong to short-chain PFASs, while C8-C12 PFCAs and PFOS belong to long-chain PFASs. The results showed that the total PFAS concentration ranged from 44.7ngL(-1) to 1.52μgL(-1) in the water, from 8.19 to 17.4ngg(-1) in the sediment, and from 3.44 to 14.7ngg(-1) in the SPM. Short-chain PFASs predominated in the water and could reach up to 88.8% of the total PFAS concentration in water, while long-chain PFASs prevailed in the sediment and SPM. The PFAS concentration in SPM showed a significant negative correlation with SPM concentration in river water (p<0.01). The distribution coefficients (Kd) of PFASs between sediment/SPM and water increased with their chain length and there was a positive correlation between logKd and logKow (octanol-water partition coefficients). The total annual flux of all the eleven PFASs was estimated at 3.88tons for the Yellow River into the Bohai Sea, among which the PFOA flux was the highest (0.90tons). The widely occurrence and high concentrations of short-chain PFASs in the Yellow River indicates the shift of manufacturing focus of perfluoroalkyl chemicals from traditional long-chain ones to short-chain ones. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the eco-environmental risks of these short-chain PFASs in water environments.
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Claims the paper makes
52 Own result · 30 No full text of the sources · 19 Own interpretation · 10 No basis given · 7 Own method · 3 Sources not found · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Supported · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the biggest contribution was not PFOA (from <1% to 24%) among PFASs, but short-chain PFASs such as PFBA (1-45%), PFPnA (4-58%), and PFHxA (2-51%) for the water phase of the Yellow River”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the concentration of PFOS was higher than PFBS at all the sampling sites”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total annual flux of all the eleven PFASs was estimated at 3.88 tons for the Yellow River into the Bohai Sea”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The PFAS concentrations measured during the sampling period are representative of the annual average for estimating annual flux.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“could reach up to 88.8% of the total PFAS concentration in the water (at M6，Xiaolangdi)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Short-chain PFASs prevailed over long-chain PFASs in 15 sampling sites”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“could reach up to 88.8% of the total PFAS concentration in water”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the maximum value was observed at the Fenhe River, which received many industry effluents”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“among which the PFOA flux was the highest (0.90 tons)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no correlation was observed between the concentrations of short-chain PFCAs and those of long-chain PFCAs and PFOS”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the total concentrations of dissolved PFASs were in the range of 44.7-263 ng L -1 and 79.9-1526 ng L -1 for the main stream and tributaries, respectively”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFBA, PFHxA, and PFHpA were significantly positively correlated with each other (p<0.01)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The distribution coefficients (Kd) of PFASs between sediment/SPM and water increased with their chain length”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of the 11 studied PFASs showed very high detection frequencies in the water phase”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
plainn = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“long-chain PFCAs were significantly positively correlated with PFOS (p<0.01 with one exception of p<0.05)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PFAS concentration in SPM showed a significant negative correlation with SPM concentration in river water (p < 0.01)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while long-chain PFASs prevailed in the sediment and SPM”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there was a positive correlation between logKd and logKow (octanol-water partition coefficients)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the site in the downstream of a dam had greater PFAS levels than those in the upstream (for example, M2>T1&M1, M5>M4)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Short-chain PFASs predominated in the water”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the total PFAS concentration ranged from 44.7 ng L -1 to 1.52 μg L -1 in the water”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“from 8.19 to 17.4 ng g -1 in the sediment”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“from 3.44 to 14.7 ng g -1 in the SPM”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the total concentrations of dissolved PFASs were in the range of 44.7-263 ng L -1 and 79.9-1526 ng L -1 for the main stream and tributaries, respectively”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
plainn = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total annual flux of the eleven PFASs was 3.88 tons, among which the PFOA flux was the highest (0.90 tons).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Annual average PFAS concentrations in the Yellow River are not significantly different from those measured in this study.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Besides, when considering different functional groups, the logarithm value of the distribution coefficients (log Kd) of PFOS (log Kow=4.49) was lower compared to PFNA (log Kow=5.48), which have the same perfluoroalkyl chain length.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the long-chain PFASs, particulate attached form had bigger contribution than dissolved form.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Annual average PFAS concentrations in the Yellow River are not significantly different from those measured in this study.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Long-chain PFASs and PFBS were 100% detected in the SPM samples of the 10 studied sites”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the total PFAS concentration in the sediment ranged from 8.19 to 17.4 ng g -1 in the main stream, and from 10.0 to 17.8 ng g -1 in the tributaries”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
plainn = 18- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“several PFAS levels were significantly negatively correlated with SPM concentration (p<0.01),including PFBS, PFOA, PFUdA, and PFDoA, as well as the sum of all the 11 PFASs”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the total PFAS concentration in the sediment ranged from 8.19 to 17.4 ng g -1 in the main stream, and from 10.0 to 17.8 ng g -1 in the tributaries”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, the log Koc values of PFBA between sediment and water in this study were comparable to those (1.88) in a batch sorption experiment (Guelfo and Higgins, 2013).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Guelfo and Higgins, 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Compared with other major rivers in the world, the PFAS flux of the Yellow River is on the same order of the Ganges River in India, where the flux of PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA discharged to the Bay of Bengal were at the level of several hundreds of kilograms per year (Yeung et al., 2009).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yeung et al., 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Annual average PFAS concentrations in the Yellow River are not significantly different from those measured in this study.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Long-chain PFASs contributed much more than the short-chain ones.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The total annual flux of the Yellow River was much lower than the total loading of 18 kinds of PFAS in the Yangtze River to the East China Sea (20.7 tons) (Pan et al., 2014).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pan et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Annual average PFAS concentrations in the Yellow River are not significantly different from those measured in this study.
In the paper
“A previous research has reported that the log Koc was in the range of 1.70-3.80for C5-C12 PFCAs and 1.75-2.97for C4-C8 PFSAs (Zhao et al., 2012), which is similar to our results.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zhao et al., 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present study, both the SPM-water and sediment-water distribution coefficients of PFASs increased with their chain length.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total annual flux of the eleven PFASs was 3.88 tons, among which the PFOA flux was the highest (0.90 tons).”
- Also stated in: § 4 Conclusions · hedged
“Annual mass loading of the total eleven PFASs of the Yellow River was estimated to be 3.88 tons with traditional long-chain PFASs still prevailing.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Annual average PFAS concentrations in the Yellow River are not significantly different from those measured in this study.
- Also stated in: § 4 Conclusions · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further analysis found that, for both sediment and SPM, there was a significant positive relationship between the log Kd values of PFASs and their logarithm value of the octanol-water partition coefficients (log Kow) at the main stream and the tributaries, except for the log Kd between SPM and water in the tributaries.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, the Koc values of PFASs between sediment and water obtained in this study were in good accordance with many previous researches.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Short-chain PFCAs and PFSAs presented as relatively low percentages.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant variance in Kd (for both SPM and sediment-based) exists among different sampling sites, which even reached three log units (Fig. 3).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the short-chain PFASs, dissolved form contributed much more than particulate attached form.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Annual average PFAS concentrations in the Yellow River are not significantly different from those measured in this study.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sum of all short-chain PFAS annual fluxes in dissolved form was 1723.6 kg, which was 21 times higher compared to that in SPM attached form.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Annual average PFAS concentrations in the Yellow River are not significantly different from those measured in this study.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total PFAS concentration in the SPM ranged from 3.44 to 14.7 ng g -1 (dry weight)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tributaries have similar PFAS levels with the main stream (T1&M1, T3&M3).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ratio of long-to short-chain PFAS concentrations in the water phase generally decreased from the upstream to the downstream (Fig. S1).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFOA (730 kg), PFUdA (367 kg), PFDA (231 kg), and PFDoA (165 kg) were the major PFASs for the SPM attached fraction.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Annual average PFAS concentrations in the Yellow River are not significantly different from those measured in this study.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several PFAS levels in SPM were significantly negatively correlated with SPM concentration (p<0.01),including PFBS, PFOA, PFUdA, and PFDoA.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 4 Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results showed great spatial variations among different sampling sites, with total concentration ranging from 44.7 ng L -1 to 1.526 μg L -1 in water, from 3.44 to 14.7 ng g -1 in SPM, and from 8.19 to 17.4 ng g -1 in sediment.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 4 Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results showed great spatial variations among different sampling sites, with total concentration ranging from 44.7 ng L -1 to 1.526 μg L -1 in water, from 3.44 to 14.7 ng g -1 in SPM, and from 8.19 to 17.4 ng g -1 in sediment.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 4 Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results showed great spatial variations among different sampling sites, with total concentration ranging from 44.7 ng L -1 to 1.526 μg L -1 in water, from 3.44 to 14.7 ng g -1 in SPM, and from 8.19 to 17.4 ng g -1 in sediment.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 4 Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The distribution coefficients of PFCAs between sediment and water seemed to increase with the chain length and the octanol-water partition coefficients.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 4 Conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This interesting phenomenon may indicate that the source of short-chain PFASs is different from the long-chain PFASs.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“recoveries of the spiked PFASs in the sediment and SPM samples were between 51% and 96%”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 2.5 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The widely occurrence and high concentrations of short-chain PFASs in the Yellow River indicates the shift of manufacturing focus of perfluoroalkyl chemicals from traditional long-chain ones to short-chain ones.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Because the Yellow River is the largest turbid river in the world (Liu et al., 2013)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Liu et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the dam might exert influences on the distribution of PFASs in river water”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This is because the sediment re-suspension in the downstream of a dam will lead to the release of PFASs in sediment (Dong et al., 2013).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dong et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting PFOS still prevails over PFBS in the Yellow River”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, PFOS in the water phase may have other sources in addition to its direct pollution sources.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“2) more and more long-chain PFASs were scavenged by the solid phases.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that PFAS levels in sediment and water phase were related to each other in the Yellow River.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These high PFAS levels may be caused by human activities by the lake, such as some restaurants and fishery using lots of food-packaging and textile materials which are possible sources of PFASs (Qi et al., 2016).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Qi et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“which reported that PFOA was the highest contributor in sediment”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bao et al., 2010 source
- Not matchedcites Yu et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Previous study has found that no obvious seasonal variations of PFAS levels exist between summer and winter in the Yangtze River (Pan et al., 2014).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pan et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This is because PFOS is known to be the final transformation product of some PFASs such as (N-alkyl substituted) perfluorooctane sulfonamides and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol (D'eon et al., 2006;Benskin et al., 2012;Zhao et al., 2016).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the PFAS source or the PFAS concentration in water is stable, the increase of SPM concentration in water might decrease the PFAS concentration associated with SPM.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The transformation of PFOS-precursors to PFOS happens in air, water (including waste water treatment), and soils.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggested that the contamination of traditional PFASs still prevails.”
- Also stated in: § 4 Conclusions · plain
“Annual mass loading of the total eleven PFASs of the Yellow River was estimated to be 3.88 tons with traditional long-chain PFASs still prevailing.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Annual average PFAS concentrations in the Yellow River are not significantly different from those measured in this study.
- Also stated in: § 4 Conclusions · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because there are no tributaries, industrial wastewater discharges and domestic sewage flow into the Yellow River segment between the Luokou station (M12) and the river mouth, and the Luokou station is free from the seawater influence, the flux of PFASs at Luokou can represent the contribution of the river to the sea.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: No tributaries, industrial wastewater discharges, or domestic sewage enter the Yellow River between Luokou station and the river mouth, and Luokou station is not influenced by seawater.
In the paper
“PFSAs with four to seven carbons may be as likely to bioaccumulate as PFOS (Lasier et al., 2011).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lasier et al., 2011 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that short-chain PFASs will threaten the safety of ground water supply.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another research also found that the occurrence of short-chain PFCAs in groundwater was consistent with the results of their column test, indicating that limited removal efficiency of short-chain PFCAs by soil (Murakami et al., 2009).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Murakami et al., 2009 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Thus PFASs may have adverse effects on wild life and even human beings through the food web”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Kannan et al., 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) report that PFOS biomagnifies through a Great Lakes food chain, with the highest concentrations in mink and bald eagles. This supports food-web exposure in wildlife, but the paper does not establish adverse effects or address effects in humans. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“PFOA and PFOS may have reproductive and developmental toxicity on rodents”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Lau et al., 2004 source
The sections on PFOS and PFOA report adverse outcomes in rodent offspring, including pup mortality and impaired growth. The PFOA section also reports delayed sexual maturity in rats, supporting the hedged claim about reproductive and developmental toxicity. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Generally, tributaries had higher concentrations than the main stream (T2>M2, T4>M7, T5>M8, T6>M11), except that T3 had a lower concentration than M3.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only PFBS (detection frequency=85%), PFPnA (90%), PFHpA (95%), and PFUdA (90%) were not detected at some places while the rest of PFASs were detected at all the sampling sites (n=20)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
plainn = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the main stream, the maximum value was observed at the Aishan station, with PFOA (7.80 ng g -1 ) and PFPnA (3.18 ng g -1 ) being the predominant compounds.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
plainn = 18- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFBS was only detected at 16 sites while other PFASs were detected at all the sampling sites (n=18, Table 1)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
plainn = 18- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFBA was only detected in two of the 10 studied sites, PFPnA and PFHxA were not found for any studied sites”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PFHxA ranked the first in the dissolved fraction (851 kg), followed by PFBA (468 kg) and PFPnA (300 kg).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Annual average PFAS concentrations in the Yellow River are not significantly different from those measured in this study.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Long-chain PFASs contributed much more than the short-chain ones to the total PFAS concentration, with PFOA alone contributing 42.3% on average, followed by PFDA (13.9%),PFNA (11.9%), and PFUdA (10.3%).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“compared with other previous studies about the Yellow River (Table S5), both the short-and long-chain PFAS concentrations showed increase in the water and sediment phases”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sum of all long-chain PFAS annual fluxes in SPM attached form was 1664.1 kg, which was three times higher compared to that in dissolved form.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Annual average PFAS concentrations in the Yellow River are not significantly different from those measured in this study.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the tributaries, the highest value of the total PFAS concentration was observed at the Dongpinghu Lake with five of the eleven PFASs analyzed being the maximum among the studied tributaries.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the detected PFASs, PFOA was the predominant one with average contribution being 42%, followed by PFUdA (20%), PFDA (12%), and PFDoA (12%)”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The highest PFAS concentration was reached at the Aishan station (M11), where PFOA was the predominant compound (6.31 ng g -1 , data not shown).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Short-chain PFASs were detected and have a considerable contribution (up to 88.8%) in the water phase.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 4 Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, they were non-detectable or at very low levels and have much lower contribution in the sediment or SPM.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 4 Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The correlation coefficients of the standard calibration curves were higher than 0.99”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 2.5 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It has been reported that short-chain PFASs are as persistent as and more mobile in long-range transport than the long-chain homologues”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wang et al., 2015 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the PFAS concentrations in samples were not corrected according to the recoveries”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 2.5 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The LOQs for the target chemicals in the LC-MS/MS ranged from 0.0058 to 0.65 µg L -1”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 2.5 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each sample had three replicates and the standard deviation was less than 5%”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 2.5 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is because the pollution source of T2 (Fenhe River) still had an effect on the main stream due to the fact that the maximum value was observed at the Fenhe River, which received many industry effluents.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PFBA was detected with an average of 7.59 ng L -1 in the Haihe River and 18.1 ng L -1 in Dagu Drainage Canal (China), which was dominant in both of the rivers”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yao et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Procedural blank samples also showed no detection of the target chemicals”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 2.5 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the fluorocarbon chains of PFASs are both hydrophobic and lipophobic, their distribution may be different from other well studied HOCs in rivers.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Perfluoropentanoate (PFPnA), perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA), and PFOA were the dominant PFASs in the Northwest Pacific Ocean and PFPnA dominated in the Bering Sea”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cai et al., 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“short-chain PFASs (C4-C6) were detected with a comparable level of the longer-chain PFASs (>C6) in the water samples from Dagu Drainage Canal (Dagu) in Tianjin, China, and perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA) was the dominant type in the short-chain analogues”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yao et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Many studies found that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were the dominant compounds and they were believed to be the final transformation products of other PFASs”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Short-chain PFASs, which are defined as n < 6 for perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) and n < 7 for perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) (OECD, 2011), have been detected and even prevail over long-chain PFASs in some places.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites OECD, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recoveries of MPFOA in the water samples ranged from 81% to 124%”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 2.5 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) tend to be associated with sediment and SPM, which play important roles in controlling the fate and bioavailability of HOCs in aquatic environment, especially in turbid rivers”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PFOA may exert hepatic toxic and have potential carcinogenicity on rats”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kennedy, G. L., 2004 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PFBS and PFBA were the predominant PFASs in the surface water of the Tangxun Lake in Wuhan, China, with relatively high average concentrations of 3660 ng L -1 and 4770 ng L -1 , respectively”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zhou et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Many investigators have found that PFASs could be accumulated by aquatic organisms”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may be due to the high solubility of these compounds, leading to less adsorption onto the sediment, since the solubility of PFASs decreased with increasing carbon chain length.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This is because Kd is a variable that depends on the physical, chemical, and biological conditions of the water body and varies within and among aquatic ecosystems (Zhang et al., 2013;Johansson et al., 2001).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It has the potential to transfer from the water to solid phases, leading to the nonequilibrium between solid and water phases in the Yellow River.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The highest PFAS value at the Dongpinghu Lake might be one reason for the highest PFAS concentration in the sediment of the Aishan station because the Dongpinghu Lake lies at the upper stream (about 30 km away) of the Aishan station.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This founding is in contrast with other reports that the sorption of sulfonate will be stronger than the analogous carboxylic acid (Vierke et al., 2014).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vierke et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Lots of literature have documented the chain-length dependence of PFAS sorption (Lasier et al., 2011;Xia et al., 2013;2015).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lasier et al., 2011 source
- Not matchedcites Xia et al., 2013;2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Besides, this variability may be caused by the nonequilibrium of PFASs between sediment/SPM and water in the Yellow River.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The main possible sources of PFOS include food-packaging, textile, electroplating, firefighting and semiconductor industry emission sources and the precious metals and coating industry emission sources in China”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.1 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the water phase
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Qi et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that there might be some PFAS sources”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The total PFAS concentration in the Yellow River was at similar levels as in the Haihe River, which also empties into the Bohai Sea, with the total PFAS concentration (PFOS and C8-C12 PFCAs) in surface sediment ranged between 0.52 and 16.33 ng/g dry weight”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.3 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the surface sediment
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zhao et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“which found that short-chain PFCAs were exclusively detected in water, while longer-chain PFCAs and PFSAs appeared to bind more strongly to particles”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ahrens et al., 2010 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This might be due to the dilution effect of SPM and the particle concentration effect of contaminant sorption on SPM (Dong et al., 2013;Turner and Rawling, 2002).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A previous research has reported that the log Koc was in the range of 1.70-3.80for C5-C12 PFCAs and 1.75-2.97for C4-C8 PFSAs (Zhao et al., 2012), which is similar to our results.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zhao et al., 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is comparable to the level reported by a previous research conducted in Tokyo Bay (Japan) that the total PFAS concentration ranged from 6.4 to 15.1 ng g -1 (dry weight) in the SPM fraction”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.2 Short-chain and long-chain PFASs in the SPM phase
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ahrens et al., 2010 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This might be caused by: 1) more possible sources of short-chain PFASs existed in the downstream relative to the long-chain PFASs;”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.4 Comparison of the short-and long-chain PFAS distribution among water, SPM, and sediment phases
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In a water-saturated sediment column test, short-chain PFCAs and PFSAs with up to six carbon atoms showed complete breakthrough while longer-chain ones were retarded, suggesting ground water may be affected by contaminated surface waters (Vierke et al., 2014).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vierke et al., 2014 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, when the contamination of short-chain PFASs is at the same level of long-chain PFASs in surface water, less of them will be trapped in the soil or sediment and much more will permeate into the ground water than the long-chain PFASs.”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Trace levels of PFASs were detected in soil cores from biosolids-amended soils to depths of 120 cm, suggesting potential movement of these compounds within the soil profile over time and confirming the higher transport potential for short-chain PFASs in soils amended with municipal biosolids (Sepulvado et al., 2011).”
§ Short-and Long-chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Surface Sediment of a Turbid River > 3.5 Estimated annual flux of PFASs to the Bohai Sea and environmental implications
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sepulvado et al., 2011 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Little is known about the distribution of short-chain PFASs among water, suspended particulate matter, and sediment in rivers.
“However, little is known about their distribution among water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment phases in rivers, especially for the short-chain PFASs.”
“However, little is known about the distribution of short-chain PFASs among water, SPM, and sediment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The PFAS concentrations measured during the sampling period are representative of the annual average for estimating annual flux.
“The total annual flux of all the eleven PFASs was estimated at 3.88 tons for the Yellow River into the Bohai Sea”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Yellow River is a typical case for studying PFAS distribution in turbid rivers.
“Because the Yellow River is the largest turbid river in the world (Liu et al., 2013), this study took it as a typical case to investigate the PFAS distribution in turbid rivers”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 20 sampling sites are representative of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.
“Water and sediment samples were collected from 20 sites along the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 10 sites for suspended particulate matter are representative of the suspended particulate matter in the Yellow River.
“Due to the low SPM concentration in the overlying water at some sampling sites, enough SPM sample for the determination of PFASs was obtained only from ten sites.”
The paper relies on this without support.
After 2002, some traditional long-chain PFASs were replaced by shorter-chain alternatives.
“After that, some”
The paper relies on this without support.
PFOS was replaced by PFBS by 3M Company after 2003.
“For example, PFOS was replaced by perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) by 3M Company after 2003.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No tributaries, industrial wastewater discharges, or domestic sewage enter the Yellow River between Luokou station and the river mouth, and Luokou station is not influenced by seawater.
“Because there are no tributaries, industrial wastewater discharges and domestic sewage flow into the Yellow River segment between the Luokou station (M12) and the river mouth, and the Luokou station is free from the seawater influence, the flux of PFASs at Luokou can represent the contribution of the river to the sea.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Annual average PFAS concentrations in the Yellow River are not significantly different from those measured in this study.
“Thus, it is reasonable to assume that the annual average concentrations of PFASs are not significantly different from the results obtained in this research for the Yellow River, and the total annual mass loadings of PFASs (Ftotal, kg) of the Yellow River can be calculated according to the following equations.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The abundance of PFBA in groundwater near the Mississippi River may be largely attributable to upstream sources and the mobility of short-chain PFAAs in organic matter-containing sediments (Gao et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2016), enabling PFBA from the river to penetrate the porous carbonate strata into which these wells are bored.”
From PFAS in Iowa drinking water sources: Chemical and geospatial patterns (2025) · cites this paper as Zhao et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Other potential factors such as adsorption of long-chain PFAS to riverine solids (e.g. sediments) and soft tissues (e.g. aquatic plants) could potentially explain the prevalence of short-chain over long-chain PFAS in river Ouse (Zhao et al., 2016).”
From Occurrence of emerging and persistent organic pollutants in the rivers Cam, Ouse and Thames, UK (2025) · cites this paper as Zhao et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The long-chain PFAS, on the other hand, are more likely to adsorb to the surfaces of sediments and aquatic plants in rivers (Ahrens and Bundschuh, 2014; Zhao et al., 2016).”
From Occurrence of emerging and persistent organic pollutants in the rivers Cam, Ouse and Thames, UK (2025) · cites this paper as Zhao et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
Buck, R. C., Franklin, J., Berger, U., Conder, J. M., Cousins, I. T., de Voogt, P., Jensen, A. A., Kannan, K., Mabury, S. A., & van Leeuwen, S. P. (2011) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1002/ieam.258 · Cited by 4,641
Understanding organofluorine chemistry. An introduction to the C–F bond
O’Hagan, D. (2007) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/b711844a · Cited by 4,148
Conder, J. M., Hoke, R. A., Wolf, W. D., Russell, M. H., & Buck, R. C. (2008) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es070895g · Cited by 1,206
Compound-specific, quantitative characterization of organic fluorochemicals in biological matrices
Hansen, K. J., Clemen, L. A., Ellefson, M. E., & Johnson, H. O. (2001) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es001489z · Cited by 923
Loos, R., Giovanni, L., Comero, S., Serafino, C., Schwesig, D., Werres, F., Balsaa, P., Gans, O., Weiss, S., Bláha, L., et al. (2010) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.032 · Cited by 891
The Developmental Toxicity of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Their Derivatives
Lau, C., Butenhoff, J. L., & Rogers, J. M. (2004) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2003.11.031 · Cited by 867
The toxicology of perfluorooctanoate
Kennedy, G. L., Butenhoff, J. L., Olsen, G. W., O'Connor, J. C., Seacat, A. M., Perkins, R. G., Biegel, L. B., Murphy, S. R., & Farrar, D. G. (2004) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408440490464705 · Cited by 742
Wang, Z., Cousins, I. T., Scheringer, M., & Hungerbuehler, K. (2015) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.013 · Cited by 627
Taniyasu, S., Kannan, K., So, M. K., Gulkowska, A., Sinclair, E., Okazawa, T., & Yamashita, N. (2005) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.053 · Cited by 602
Fluorotelomer alcohol biodegradation yields poly-and perfluorinated acids
Dinglasan, M. J. A., Ye, Y., Edwards, E. A., & Mabury, S. A. (2004) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es0350177 · Cited by 554
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gagliano, E., Sgroi, M., Falciglia, P. P., Vagliasindi, F. G. A., & Roccaro, P. (2020) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381 · Cited by 1,249
Short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids: environmental concerns and a regulatory strategy under REACH
Brendel, S., Fetter, É., Staude, C., Vierke, L., & Biegel-Engler, A. (2018) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-018-0134-4 · Cited by 810
“6), showing that short-chain PFAAs are very mobile, which is also confirmed by their environmental distribution [44, 45].”
BackgroundLi, F., Duan, J., Tian, S., Ji, H., Zhu, Y., Wei, Z., & Zhao, D. (2020) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.122506 · Cited by 707
Self-citationPFAS Molecules: A Major Concern for the Human Health and the Environment
Panieri, E., Baralic, K., Djukic-Cosic, D., Buha Djordjevic, A., & Saso, L. (2022) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics10020044 · Cited by 651
PFAS removal by ion exchange resins: A review
Dixit, F., Dutta, R., Barbeau, B., Bérubé, P. R., & Mohseni, M. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129777 · Cited by 457
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhao, P., Xia, X., Dong, J., Xia, N., Jiang, X., Li, Y., & Zhu, Y.
- Affiliations
- Beijing Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xia, Xinghui
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 568
- Pages
- 57-65
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2409241154
- Cited by
- 322
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12
- FWCI
- 7.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 249 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (51325902, 91547207, 51279010, 51421065)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Environmental Chemistry and Analysis
- Keywords
- perfluorinated compounds, short-chain PFASs, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, Yellow River, turbid rivers, suspended particulate matter, river sediments, distribution coefficient, octanol-water partition coefficient, Bohai Sea
- MeSH terms
- China, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Fresh Water, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Geologic Sediments, Rivers, Particulate Matter
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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