Cited by 436Estrogen and related hormone effectsGenomics and Chromatin DynamicsReceptor Mechanisms and Signaling

The human glucocorticoid receptor: molecular basis of biologic function

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Nicolaides, Nicolas C., Galata, Zoi, Kino, Tomoshige, Chrousos, George P., Charmandari, Evangelia·2010·Steroids

Abstract

The characterization of the subfamily of steroid hormone receptors has enhanced our understanding of how a set of hormonally derived lipophilic ligands controls cellular and molecular functions to influence development and help achieve homeostasis. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the first member of this subfamily, is a ubiquitously expressed intracellular protein, which functions as a ligand-dependent transcription factor that regulates the expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes. The effector domains of the GR mediate transcriptional activation by recruiting coregulatory multi-subunit complexes that remodel chromatin, target initiation sites, and stabilize the RNA-polymerase II machinery for repeated rounds of transcription of target genes. This review summarizes the basic aspects of the structure and actions of the human (h) GR, and the molecular basis of its biologic functions.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.09.002

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  • The non-liganded GR-α is sequestered in the cytoplasm by a multiprotein chaperone complex; ligand binding causes conformational change, chaperone dissociation, nuclear localization signal unmasking, and nuclear translocation where it modulates gene expression.

    “The non-liganded GR-α is sequestered in the cytoplasm by a multiprotein complex that may be composed of heat-shock protein (HSP) 90, 70, 56, or 40, as well as co-chaperones p23, p60, Src kinase, and immunophilins FKBP51, 52 (22, 75, 79). These cytoplasmic chaperones conceal the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of the steroid receptor and thereby preclude its shuttling to the nucleus. Importantly,”
  • GR-β permanently resides in the nucleus and acts as a dominant negative inhibitor of GR-α; its relative abundance, normally 1% of GR-α in the brain, is a key parameter dictating glucocorticoid responsiveness.

    “In contrast, GR-β permanently resides in the nucleus where it selectively acts as a dominant negative inhibitor of GR-α (75). The relative abundance of the inhibitor GR-β, which normally represents only 1% of GR-α in the brain, is thus a key parameter in dictating GC responsiveness (76).”

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Jonat C Rahmsdorf HJ Park KK Cato AC Gebel S Ponta H Herrlich P Antitumor promotion and antiinflammation: down-modulation of AP-1 (Fos/Jun) activity by glucocorticoid hormone Cell 1990 62 1189 1204 2169351

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Authors
Nicolaides, N. C., Galata, Z., Kino, T., Chrousos, G. P., & Charmandari, E.
Affiliations
  • Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (GR)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author
Charmandari, Evangelia
Venue
Steroids
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2010-01
Volume
75
Issue
1
Pages
1-12
ISSN
0039-128X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2020896282
Cited by
436
References
139
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 33
FWCI
2.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Steroids (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (ZIAHD008732)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
Keywords
glucocorticoid receptor, steroid hormone receptors, ligand-dependent transcription factors, glucocorticoid-responsive genes, chromatin remodeling, RNA polymerase II, transcriptional activation, receptor structure, homeostasis
MeSH terms
Drug Resistance, Gene Expression Regulation, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Mutation, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Response Elements

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