Cited by 183Circadian rhythm and melatoninStress Responses and CortisolAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

Circadian endocrine rhythms: the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and its actions

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Nicolaides, Nicolas C., Charmandari, Evangelia, Chrousos, George P., Kino, Tomoshige·2014·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Abstract

The stress system effectively restores the internal balance—or homeostasis—of living organisms in the face of random external or internal changes, the stressors. This highly complex system helps organisms to provide a series of neuroendocrine responses to stressors—the stress response—through coordinated activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the locus coeruleus/norepinephrine autonomic nervous systems. In addition to stressors, life is influenced by daily light/dark changes due to the 24‐h rotation of Earth. To adjust to these recurrent day/night cycles, the biological clock system employs the heterodimer of transcription factors circadian locomotor output cycle kaput/brain–muscle–arnt–like protein 1 (CLOCK/BMAL1), along with a set of other transcription factors, to regulate the circadian pattern of gene expression. Interestingly, the stress system, through the HPA axis, communicates with the clock system; therefore, any uncoupling or dysregulation could potentially cause several disorders, such as metabolic, autoimmune, and mood disorders. In this review, we discuss the biological function of the two systems, their interactions, and the clinical implications of their dysregulation or uncoupling.

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  1. [59]Kino T Chrousos GP Steckler T 2005 Glucocorticoid effect on gene expression Handbook on Stress and the Brain 295 312 Elsevier BV

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Authors
Nicolaides, N. C., Charmandari, E., Chrousos, G. P., & Kino, T.
Affiliations
  • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
  • King Abdulaziz University (SA)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author
Nicolaides, Nicolas C.
Venue
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2014-05
Volume
1318
Issue
1
Pages
71-80
ISSN
  • 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
  • 1749-6632
OpenAlex
W1598021542
Cited by
183
References
78
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 2
FWCI
2.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (ZIAHD008732)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords
circadian rhythm, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, stress response, biological clock, Clock/BMAL1, circadian gene expression, circadian dysfunction, metabolic disorders, autoimmune disease, mood disorders
MeSH terms
Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Gene Expression Regulation, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, CLOCK Proteins, ARNTL Transcription Factors

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