Wastewater-based epidemiology biomarkers: Past, present and future
Abstract
Wastewater is a complex matrix containing a wide range of chemical and biological markers of human activity. Relating concentrations of these "waste" materials in wastewater influent streams to population-scale use, consumption, or rates of exposure, can provide important qualitative or quantitative information on the activity of inhabitants within a given wastewater catchment. Many publications in this field of study have focussed on the usage of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, tobacco and alcohol. However, many other potential applications are emerging which can contribute useful knowledge on human health, exposure to industrial chemicals, infectious diseases or pathogens and antibiotic resistance. This review summarises the established wastewater based epidemiology (WBE) biomarkers, and presents a critical review of the current capabilities of WBE. We further discuss possible future strategies and challenges anticipated in analysing wastewater to measure chemical markers of population health as well as biological markers of microbial exposure and disease. (c) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Wastewater-based epidemiology has been used for over a decade internationally to monitor the use of illicit drugs in the community.
“Wastewater‐based epidemiology (WBE) is a monitoring modality that has been used for over a decade internationally to monitor the use of illicit drugs in the community [18].”
From Early identification of the use of potent benzylbenzimidazoles (nitazenes) through wastewater analysis: Two years of data from 22 countries (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
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Jeong, Y., Da Silva, K. M., Iturrospe, E., Fuiji, Y., Boogaerts, T., van Nuijs, A. L. N., Koelmel, J., & Covaci, A. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129378 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Bade, R., Nadarajan, D., Hall, W., Brown, J. A., NPS Wastewater Consortium, & Schumann, J. (2025) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70027 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“To allow for semi-quantitative analysis, deuterated internal standards of illicit drugs from each collaborators ’ laboratory were spiked into the samples, as reported in previous work [18].”
- Authors
- Choi, P. M., Tscharke, B. J., Donner, E., O'Brien, J. W., Grant, S. C., Kaserzon, S. L., Mackie, R., O'Malley, E., Crosbie, N. D., Thomas, K. V., & Mueller, J. F.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- University of South Australia (AU)
- Melbourne Water (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Thomas, Kevin V.
- ORCID
- Venue
- TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-08
- Volume
- 105
- Pages
- 453-469
- ISSN
- 0165-9936 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2810965083
- Cited by
- 486
- References
- 277
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 17.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Melbourne Water
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Keywords
- wastewater-based epidemiology, biomarkers, pharmaceuticals in wastewater, illicit drugs, tobacco, alcohol, industrial chemical exposure, infectious disease surveillance, pathogen detection, antibiotic resistance, microbial exposure, population health
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