Variant-specific vaccination induces systems immune responses and potent in vivo protection against SARS-CoV-2
Open accessAbstract
Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-mRNA vaccines offer protection against COVID-19; however, multiple variant lineages caused widespread breakthrough infections. Here, we generate LNP-mRNAs specifically encoding wild-type (WT), B.1.351, and B.1.617 SARS-CoV-2 spikes, and systematically study their immune responses. All three LNP-mRNAs induced potent antibody and T cell responses in animal models; however, differences in neutralization activity have been observed between variants. All three vaccines offer potent protection against in vivo challenges of authentic viruses of WA-1, Beta, and Delta variants. Single-cell transcriptomics of WT- and variant-specific LNP-mRNA-vaccinated animals reveal a systematic landscape of immune cell populations and global gene expression. Variant-specific vaccination induces a systemic increase of reactive CD8 T cells and altered gene expression programs in B and T lymphocytes. BCR-seq and TCR-seq unveil repertoire diversity and clonal expansions in vaccinated animals. These data provide assessment of efficacy and direct systems immune profiling of variant-specific LNP-mRNA vaccination in vivo.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Single-cell technologies shed light on host-pathogen dynamics, immune responses, and advanced therapeutic strategies, especially in COVID-19.
“In the realm of infectious diseases, the technologies shed light on host-pathogen dynamics, immune responses, and advanced therapeutic strategies, especially in COVID-19 [145, 146, 219–223].”
From Single-cell sequencing to multi-omics: technologies and applications (2024) · cites this paper as [146]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says single-cell sequencing mapped immune-cell populations and responses in mice vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. It does not show single-cell technologies illuminating host–pathogen dynamics or advancing therapeutic strategies; the profiling was of vaccinated animals’ immune cells. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPeng et al. systematically profiled the immune landscape after vaccinating lipid nanoparticle-mRNA using scRNA/TCR/BCR-seq.
“Through scRNA/TCR/BCR-seq, Peng et al. systematically profiled the immune landscape after vaccinating lipid nanoparticle-mRNA [146].”
From Single-cell sequencing to multi-omics: technologies and applications (2024) · cites this paper as [146]
Combined with scRNA-seq, scBCR-seq has been applied for producing cell atlases, identifying neutralizing antibodies, conducting vaccine studies, and proved invaluable in studies investigating the dynamics of the immune system.
“Combined with scRNA-seq, scBCR-seq was applied for producing cell atlas [144], identifying different neutralizing antibodies [145], conducting vaccine studies [146], etc., and proved invaluable in studies investigating the dynamics of the immune system.”
From Single-cell sequencing to multi-omics: technologies and applications (2024) · cites this paper as [146]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data
Bolger, A. M., Lohse, M., & Usadel, B. (2014) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170 · Cited by 65,548 · see citing works
Comprehensive Integration of Single-Cell Data
Stuart, T., Butler, A., Hoffman, P., Hafemeister, C., Papalexi, E., Mauck, W. M., Hao, Y., Stoeckius, M., Smibert, P., & Satija, R. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.031 · Cited by 15,453 · see citing works
Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Moreira, E. D., Zerbini, C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2034577 · Cited by 14,592 · see citing works
An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time
Dong, E., Du, H., & Gardner, L. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30120-1 · Cited by 10,048 · see citing works
Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation
Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. A., Hsieh, C.-L., Abiona, O., Graham, B. S., & McLellan, J. S. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb2507 · Cited by 8,897 · see citing works
Spatial reconstruction of single-cell gene expression data
Satija, R., Farrell, J. A., Gennert, D., Schier, A. F., & Regev, A. (2015) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3192 · Cited by 7,055 · cited 1× · see citing works
“47 Specifically, each dataset was filtered (cells with 200-2500 RNA features and 5% mitochondrial RNA), log-normalized, scaled then integrated using the method by Stuart et al., using PBS vaccination samples as the reference group (reciprocal-PCA method, 2000 anchors, k = 20).”
Dimensionality reduction for visualizing single-cell data using UMAP
Becht, E., McInnes, L., Healy, J., Dutertre, C.-A., Kwok, I. W. H., Ng, L. G., Ginhoux, F., & Newell, E. W. (2019) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4314 · Cited by 5,358 · see citing works
Raudvere, U., Kolberg, L., Kuzmin, I., Arak, T., Adler, P., Peterson, H., & Vilo, J. (2019) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkz369 · Cited by 5,045 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant
Lopez Bernal, J., Andrews, N., Gower, C., Gallagher, E., Simmons, R., Thelwall, S., Stowe, J., Tessier, E., Groves, N., Dabrera, G., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2108891 · Cited by 2,889 · see citing works
Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England
Davies, N. G., Abbott, S., Barnard, R. C., Jarvis, C. I., Kucharski, A. J., Munday, J. D., Pearson, C. A. B., Russell, T. W., Tully, D. C., Washburne, A. D., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg3055 · Cited by 2,633 · see citing works
Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England
Davies, N. G., Abbott, S., Barnard, R. C., Jarvis, C. I., Kucharski, A. J., Munday, J. D., Pearson, C. A. B., Russell, T. W., Tully, D. C., Washburne, A. D., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.12.24.20248822 · Cited by 2,557 · see citing works
A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology
Rambaut, A., Holmes, E. C., O’Toole, Á., Hill, V., McCrone, J. T., Ruis, C., du Plessis, L., & Pybus, O. G. (2020) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5 · Cited by 2,543 · see citing works
Detection of a SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern in South Africa
Tegally, H., Wilkinson, E., Giovanetti, M., Iranzadeh, A., Fonseca, V., Giandhari, J., Doolabh, D., Pillay, S., San, E. J., Msomi, N., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03402-9 · Cited by 2,510 · see citing works
Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7
Wang, P., Nair, M. S., Liu, L., Iketani, S., Luo, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, M., Yu, J., Zhang, B., Kwong, P. D., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03398-2 · Cited by 2,312 · see citing works
Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization
Planas, D., Veyer, D., Baidaliuk, A., Staropoli, I., Guivel-Benhassine, F., Rajah, M. M., Planchais, C., Porrot, F., Robillard, N., Puech, J., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03777-9 · Cited by 1,992 · see citing works
MiXCR: software for comprehensive adaptive immunity profiling
Bolotin, D. A., Poslavskii, S., Mitrophanov, I., Shugay, M., Mamedov, I. Z., Putintseva, E. V., & Chudakov, D. M. (2015) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.3364 · Cited by 1,730 · see citing works
Six Month Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine
Thomas, S. J., Moreira, E. D., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Polack, F. P., Zerbini, C., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.21261159 · Cited by 1,640 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Design Enabled by Prototype Pathogen Preparedness
Corbett, K. S., Edwards, D. K., Leist, S. R., Abiona, O. M., Boyoglu-Barnum, S., Gillespie, R. A., Himansu, S., Schäfer, A., Ziwawo, C. T., DiPiazza, A. T., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2622-0 · Cited by 1,615 · see citing works
Covid-19 Breakthrough Infections in Vaccinated Health Care Workers
Bergwerk, M., Gonen, T., Lustig, Y., Amit, S., Lipsitch, M., Cohen, C., Mandelboim, M., Levin, E. G., Rubin, C., Indenbaum, V., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2109072 · Cited by 1,345 · see citing works
Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of Omicron in South Africa
Pulliam, J. R. C., van Schalkwyk, C., Govender, N., Gottberg, A. V., Cohen, C., Groome, M. J., Dushoff, J., Mlisana, K., & Moultrie, H. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.21266068 · Cited by 1,037 · see citing works
Immunological considerations for COVID-19 vaccine strategies
Jeyanathan, M., Afkhami, S., Smaill, F., Miller, M. S., Lichty, B. D., & Xing, Z. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00434-6 · Cited by 1,015 · see citing works
Evidence of escape of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351 from natural and vaccine-induced sera
Zhou, D., Dejnirattisai, W., Supasa, P., Liu, C., Mentzer, A. J., Ginn, H. M., Zhao, Y., Duyvesteyn, H. M. E., Tuekprakhon, A., Nutalai, R., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.037 · Cited by 992 · see citing works
Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 Variants
Abu-Raddad, L. J., Chemaitelly, H., & Butt, A. A. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2104974 · Cited by 899 · see citing works
Rapid COVID-19 vaccine development
Graham, B. S. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb8923 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Bias, robustness and scalability in single-cell differential expression analysis
Soneson, C., & Robinson, M. D. (2018) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.4612 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Single-cell multi-omics analysis of the immune response in COVID-19
Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease-National Institute of Health Research (CITIID-NIHR) COVID-19 BioResource Collaboration, Stephenson, E., Reynolds, G., Botting, R. A., Calero-Nieto, F. J., Morgan, M. D., Tuong, Z. K., Bach, K., Sungnak, W., Worlock, K. B., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01329-2 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19
Taylor, P. C., Adams, A. C., Hufford, M. M., de la Torre, I., Winthrop, K., & Gottlieb, R. L. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00542-x · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Liu, Z., VanBlargan, L. A., Bloyet, L.-M., Rothlauf, P. W., Chen, R. E., Stumpf, S., Zhao, H., Errico, J. M., Theel, E. S., Liebeskind, M. J., et al. (2021) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.01.014 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
Vaccine Breakthrough Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants
Hacisuleyman, E., Hale, C., Saito, Y., Blachere, N. E., Bergh, M., Conlon, E. G., Schaefer-Babajew, D. J., DaSilva, J., Muecksch, F., Gaebler, C., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2105000 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
COVID-19 vaccines: modes of immune activation and future challenges
Teijaro, J. R., & Färber, D. L. (2021) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00526-x · Cited by 707 · see citing works
Single-cell landscape of immunological responses in patients with COVID-19
Zhang, J., Wang, X., Xing, X., Xu, Z., Zhang, C., Song, J., Fan, X., Xia, P., Fu, J., Wang, S., et al. (2020) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-020-0762-x · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity using pseudotyped and chimeric viruses
Schmidt, F., Weisblum, Y., Muecksch, F., Hoffmann, H.-H., Michailidis, E., Lorenzi, J. C. C., Mendoza, P., Rutkowska, M., Bednarski, E., Gaebler, C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20201181 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Li, B., Deng, A., Li, K., Hu, Y., Li, Z., Shi, Y., Xiong, Q., Liu, Z., Guo, Q., Zou, L., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28089-y · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Self-citationDurability of mRNA-1273 vaccine–induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants
Pegu, A., O’Connell, S. E., Schmidt, S. D., O’Dell, S., Talana, C. A., Lai, L., Albert, J., Anderson, E., Bennett, H., Corbett, K. S., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abj4176 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs B.1.617.2 and B.1.351 by BNT162b2 vaccination
Wall, E. C., Wu, M., Harvey, R., Kelly, G., Warchal, S., Sawyer, C., Daniels, R., Hobson, P., Hatipoglu, E., Ngai, Y., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01290-3 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Brown, C., Vostok, J., Johnson, H., Burns, M., Gharpure, R. V., Sami, S., Sabo, R. T., Hall, N. B., Foreman, A., Schubert, P. L., et al. (2021) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7031e2 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Fundamentals of Vaccine Immunology
Clem, A. (2011) · Journal of Global Infectious Diseases · doi:10.4103/0974-777x.77299 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Lun, A. T. L., Chen, Y., & Smyth, G. K. (2016) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3578-9_19 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Kustin, T., Harel, N., Finkel, U., Perchik, S., Harari, S., Tahor, M., Caspi, I., Levy, R., Leshchinsky, M., Ken Dror, S., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01413-7 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Laczko, D. I., Hogan, M. J., Toulmin, S. A., Hicks, P. D., Lederer, K., Gaudette, B. T., Castaño, D., Amanat, F., Muramatsu, H., Oguin, T. H., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.019 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern are emerging in India
Singh, J., Rahman, S. A., Ehtesham, N. Z., Hira, S., & Hasnain, S. E. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01397-4 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Schultheiß, C., Paschold, L., Simnica, D., Mohme, M., Willscher, E., von Wenserski, L., Scholz, R., Wieters, I., Dahlke, C., Tolosa, E., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.024 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
glmGamPoi: fitting Gamma-Poisson generalized linear models on single cell count data
Ahlmann-Eltze, C., & Huber, W. K. (2020) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa1009 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Infection and Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing-Antibody Responses to the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 Variants
Edara, V.-V., Pinsky, B. A., Suthar, M. S., Lai, L., Davis-Gardner, M. E., Floyd, K., Flowers, M. W., Wrammert, J., Hussaini, L., Ciric, C. R., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2107799 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Li, B., Deng, A., Li, K., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.07.07.21260122 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Correlation of SARS-CoV-2-breakthrough infections to time-from-vaccine
Mizrahi, B., Lotan, R., Kalkstein, N., Peretz, A., Perez, G., Ben-Tov, A., Chodick, G., Gazit, S., & Patalon, T. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26672-3 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Neutralization of Variant Under Investigation B.1.617.1 With Sera of BBV152 Vaccinees
Yadav, P. D., Sapkal, G. N., Abraham, P., Ella, R., Deshpande, G., Patil, D. Y., Nyayanit, D. A., Gupta, N., Sahay, R. R., Shete, A. M., et al. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab411 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
In vivo monoclonal antibody efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variant strains
Chen, R. E., Winkler, E. S., Case, J. B., Aziati, I. D., Bricker, T. L., Joshi, A., Darling, T. L., Ying, B., Errico, J. M., Shrihari, S., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03720-y · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Tyagi, K., Ghosh, A., Nair, D., Dutta, K., Singh Bhandari, P., Ahmed Ansari, I., & Misra, A. (2021) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.05.001 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
COVID vaccine boosters: the most important questions
Callaway, E. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02158-6 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Tada, T., Zhou, H., Dcosta, B. M., Samanovic, M. I., Mulligan, M. J., & Landau, N. R. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.05.14.444076 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Partial resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variants to vaccine-elicited antibodies and convalescent sera
Tada, T., Zhou, H., Dcosta, B. M., Samanovic, M. I., Mulligan, M. J., & Landau, N. R. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103341 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Charmet, T., Schaeffer, L., Grant, R., Galmiche, S., Chény, O., Von Platen, C., Maurizot, A., Rogoff, A., Omar, F., David, C., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100171 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Addendum: A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology
Rambaut, A., Holmes, E. C., O’Toole, A. N., Hill, V., McCrone, J. T., Ruis, C., du Plessis, L., & Pybus, O. G. (2021) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00872-5 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
How the Delta variant achieves its ultrafast spread
Reardon, S. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01986-w · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Kolberg, L., Kerimov, N., Peterson, H., & Alasoo, K. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.58705 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Covid-19: Single vaccine dose is 33% effective against variant from India, data show
Iacobucci, G. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1346 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [24]Wang P. Nair M.S. Liu L. Iketani S. Luo Y. Guo Y. Wang M. Yu J. Zhang B. Kwong P.D. Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7 Preprint at bioRxiv 2021 10.1038/s41586-021-03398-2 33684923 · DOI · Paper page
- [27]Taylor P.C. Adams A.C. Hufford M.M. de la Torre I. Winthrop K. Gottlieb R.L. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19 Nat. Rev. Immunol. 21 2021 382 393 10.1038/s41577-021-00542-x 33875867 PMC8054133 · DOI · Paper page
- [45]Schmidt F. Weisblum Y. Muecksch F. Hoffmann H.H. Michailidis E. Lorenzi J.C.C. Mendoza P. Rutkowska M. Bednarski E. Gaebler C. Measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity using pseudotyped and chimeric viruses Preprint at bioRxiv 217 2020 10.1084/jem.20201181 PMC7372514 32692348 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Single-cell sequencing to multi-omics: technologies and applications
Wu, X., Yang, X., Dai, Y., Zhao, Z., Zhu, J., Guo, H., & Yang, R. (2024) · Biomarker Research · doi:10.1186/s40364-024-00643-4 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“In the realm of infectious diseases, the technologies shed light on host-pathogen dynamics, immune responses, and advanced therapeutic strategies, especially in COVID-19 [145, 146, 219–223].”
BackgroundMethodIn search of a pan-coronavirus vaccine: next-generation vaccine design and immune mechanisms
Cankat, S., Demael, M. U., & Swadling, L. (2023) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-023-01116-8 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
- Authors
- Peng, L., Renauer, P. A., Ökten, A., Fang, Z., Park, J. J., Zhou, X., Lin, Q., Dong, M. B., Filler, R., Xiong, Q., Clark, P., Lin, C., Wilen, C. B., & Chen, S.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Yale Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wilen, Craig B.
- Chen, Sidi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Reports Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-05
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 100634
- ISSN
- 2666-3791 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9040489
- OpenAlex
- W4224943750
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 1.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Reports Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Yale School of Medicine
- National Institutes of Health (1S10OD018521, GM132114)
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-21-1-0019)
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund
- Yale University
- G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2 variants, lipid nanoparticle mRNA vaccine, COVID-19 vaccines, Beta variant, B.1.617, Delta variant, spike protein, antibody response, T cell response, CD8+ T cells, neutralization, single-cell transcriptomics, B cell receptor repertoire, T cell receptor repertoire, clonal expansion, breakthrough infection, vaccine efficacy
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Animals, Humans, Immunity, Liposomes, RNA, Messenger, Vaccination, Nanoparticles, Antibodies, Neutralizing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
