Rapid COVID-19 vaccine development
Abstract
Finding the fastest pathway to vaccine availability includes the avoidance of safety pitfalls
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
TH1 and TH2 cell responses support B cell activation and differentiation for antigen-specific antibody production and long-term memory development through germinal cell responses.
“TH1 and TH2 cell responses support B cell activation and differentiation for antigen-specific antibody production and long-term memory development through germinal cell responses34,35.”
From An Omicron-specific, self-amplifying mRNA booster vaccine for COVID-19: a phase 2/3 randomized trial (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
Cellular immune responses are protective in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
“Cellular immune responses are protective in SARS-CoV-2 infection”
From Safety and immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 ARCoV mRNA vaccine in Chinese adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
T-helper-1-biased responses might reduce the risk of vaccine-associated antibody-dependent enhancement of virus replication or other adverse reactions.
“and T-helper-1-biased responses might reduce the risk of vaccine-associated antibody-dependent enhancement of virus replication or other adverse reactions.24”
From Safety and immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 ARCoV mRNA vaccine in Chinese adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
Previous experience with veterinary coronavirus vaccines and animal models of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infection have raised safety concerns about the potential for vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease.
“Previous experience with veterinary coronavirus vaccines and animal models of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infection have raised safety concerns about the potential for vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease.”
From An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
These events were associated either with macrophage-tropic coronaviruses susceptible to antibody-dependent enhancement of replication or with vaccine antigens that induced antibodies with poor neutralizing activity and Th2-biased responses.
“These events were associated either with macrophage-tropic coronaviruses susceptible to antibody-dependent enhancement of replication or with vaccine antigens that induced antibodies with poor neutralizing activity and Th2-biased responses.31”
From An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
Preclinical trials showed MRT5500 induced a Th1-biased immune response in mice and non-human primates and prevented Th2-bias response which can induce vaccine-related enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD).
“Results of preclinical trials showed that MRT5500 induced a Th1-biased immune response in mice and non-human primates and prevented Th2-bias response which can induce vaccine-related enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD).433–435”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [433]
Cites
KIM, H. W., CANCHOLA, J. G., BRANDT, C. D., PYLES, G., CHANOCK, R. M., JENSEN, K., & PARROTT, R. H. (1969) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120955 · Cited by 1,981 · see citing works
Bolles, M., Deming, D., Long, K., Agnihothram, S., Whitmore, A., Ferris, M., Funkhouser, W., Gralinski, L., Totura, A., Heise, M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.06048-11 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
A Role for Immune Complexes in Enhanced Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease
Polack, F. P., Teng, M. N., Collins, P. L., Prince, G. A., Exner, M., Regele, H. M., Lirman, D. D., Rabold, R., Hoffman, S. J., Karp, C. L., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20020781 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Graham, B. S., Henderson, G. S., Tang, Y., Lu, X., Neuzil, K. M., & Colley, D. G. (1993) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.151.4.2032 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Self-citationFulginiti, V. A. (1967) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.202.12.1075 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Jaume, M., Yip, M., Cheung, C. Y., Leung, N., Li, P. H., Kien, F., Dutry, I., Callendret, B., Escriou, N., Altmeyer, R. M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00671-11 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Fulginiti, V. A. (1967) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1967.03130250057008 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Antibody-mediated neutralization of flaviviruses: A reductionist view
Dowd, K. A., & Pierson, T. C. (2011) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.020 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Immunological Lessons from Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Development
Ruckwardt, T. J., Morabito, K. M., & Graham, B. S. (2019) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.08.007 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationOlsen, C. W., Corapi, W. V., Ngichabe, C. K., Baines, J. D., & Scott, F. W. (1992) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.66.2.956-965.1992 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Polack, F. P., Hoffman, S. J., Crujeiras, G., et al. (2003) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm918 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Atypical Measles and Enhanced Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease (ERD) Made Simple
Polack, F. P. (2007) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e3180686ce0 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Mascola, J. R., Mathieson, B. J., Zack, P. M., et al. (1993) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.1993.9.1175 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Browne, S., Beeler, J. A., & Roberts, J. N. (2019) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.048 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Muralidharan, A., Li, C., Wang, L., et al. (2016) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2017.1260452 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Shaw, C. A., Galarneau, J.-R., Bowenkamp, K. E., et al. (2012) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.006 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report
Jackson, L. A., Anderson, E. J., Rouphael, N. G., Roberts, P. C., Makhene, M., Coler, R. N., McCullough, M. P., Chappell, J. D., Denison, M. R., Stevens, L. J., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2022483 · Cited by 3,237 · see citing works
“31 Reducing the risk of vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease or antibody-dependent enhancement of replication involves induction of high-quality functional antibody responses and Th1-biased T-cell responses.”
Self-citationCOVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates
Sallam, M. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9020160 · Cited by 2,128 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Zeng, G., Pan, H., Li, C., Hu, Y., Chu, K., Han, W., Chen, Z., Tang, R., Yin, W., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30843-4 · Cited by 1,504 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Design Enabled by Prototype Pathogen Preparedness
Corbett, K. S., Edwards, D. K., Leist, S. R., Abiona, O. M., Boyoglu-Barnum, S., Gillespie, R. A., Himansu, S., Schäfer, A., Ziwawo, C. T., DiPiazza, A. T., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2622-0 · Cited by 1,615 · see citing works
Self-citationZhu, F.-C., Guan, X.-H., Li, Y.-H., Huang, J.-Y., Jiang, T., Hou, L.-H., Li, J.-X., Yang, B.-F., Wang, L., Wang, W.-J., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31605-6 · Cited by 1,225 · see citing works
Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates
Corbett, K. S., Flynn, B., Foulds, K. E., Francica, J. R., Boyoglu-Barnum, S., Werner, A. P., Flach, B., O’Connell, S., Bock, K. W., Minai, M., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2024671 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Self-citationDNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques
Yu, J., Tostanoski, L. H., Peter, L., Mercado, N. B., McMahan, K., Mahrokhian, S. H., Nkolola, J. P., Liu, J., Li, Z., Chandrashekar, A., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc6284 · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Muñoz-Fontela, C., Dowling, W. E., Funnell, S. G. P., Gsell, P.-S., Riveros-Balta, A. X., Albrecht, R. A., Andersen, H., Baric, R. S., Carroll, M. W., Cavaleri, M., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2787-6 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
Self-citationSingle-Shot Ad26 Vaccine Protects Against SARS-CoV-2 in Rhesus Macaques
Mercado, N. B., Zahn, R., Wegmann, F., Loos, C., Chandrashekar, A., Yu, J., Liu, J., Peter, L., McMahan, K., Tostanoski, L. H., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2607-z · Cited by 789 · see citing works
BNT162b vaccines protect rhesus macaques from SARS-CoV-2
Vogel, A. B., Kanevsky, I., Che, Y., Swanson, K. A., Muik, A., Vormehr, M., Kranz, L. M., Walzer, K. C., Hein, S., Güler, A., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03275-y · Cited by 694 · see citing works
De novo design of picomolar SARS-CoV-2 miniprotein inhibitors
Cao, L., Goreshnik, I., Coventry, B., Case, J. B., Miller, L., Kozodoy, L., Chen, R. E., Carter, L., Walls, A. C., Park, Y.-J., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abd9909 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
A thermostable mRNA vaccine against COVID-19
Zhang, N.-N., Li, X.-F., Deng, Y.-Q., Zhao, H., Huang, Y.-J., Yang, G., Huang, W.-J., Gao, P., Zhou, C., Zhang, R.-R., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.024 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
“An ideal COVID-19 vaccine is supposed to avoid induction of non-neutralizing antibody and Th2-biased cellular immune responses because of safety concerns (Graham, 2020).”
Circular RNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Variants
Qu, L., Yi, Z., Shen, Y., Lin, L., Chen, F., Xu, Y., Wu, Z., Tang, H., Zhang, X., Tian, F., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.16.435594 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans
Sadarangani, M., Marchant, A., & Kollmann, T. R. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00578-z · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Walls, A. C., Fiala, B., Schäfer, A., Wrenn, S., Pham, M. N., Murphy, M., Tse, L. V., Shehata, L., O’Connor, M. A., Chen, C., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.043 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development
Fang, E., Liu, X., Li, M., Zhang, Z., Song, L., Zhu, B., Wu, X., Liu, J., Zhao, D., & Li, Y. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00950-y · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Kim, J., Eygeris, Y., Gupta, M., & Sahay, G. (2021) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.014 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Modifications in an Emergency: The Role of N1-Methylpseudouridine in COVID-19 Vaccines
Nance, K. D., & Meier, J. L. (2021) · ACS Central Science · doi:10.1021/acscentsci.1c00197 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Ella, R., Vadrevu, K. M., Jogdand, H., Prasad, S., Reddy, S., Sarangi, V., Ganneru, B., Sapkal, G., Yadav, P., Abraham, P., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30942-7 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Lederer, K., Castaño, D., Gómez Atria, D., Oguin, T. H., Wang, S., Manzoni, T. B., Muramatsu, H., Hogan, M. J., Amanat, F., Cherubin, P., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.009 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
“A large number of different vaccine strategies for SARS-CoV-2 are being simultaneously pursued by multiple pharmaceutical companies and laboratories around the world (Amanat and Krammer, 2020; Graham, 2020; Sempowski et al., 2020).”
InfluentialOvsyannikova, I. G., Haralambieva, I. H., Crooke, S. N., Poland, G. A., & Kennedy, R. B. (2020) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12897 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Prospects for a safe COVID-19 vaccine
Haynes, B. F., Corey, L., Fernandes, P., Gilbert, P. B., Hotez, P. J., Rao, S., Santos, M. R., Schuitemaker, H., Watson, M., & Arvin, A. (2020) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abe0948 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons, and prospects
Bok, K., Sitar, S., Graham, B. S., & Mascola, J. R. (2021) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.07.017 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Self-citationRauch, S., Roth, N., Schwendt, K., Fotin-Mleczek, M., Mueller, S. O., & Petsch, B. (2021) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-021-00311-w · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Optimization of non-coding regions for a non-modified mRNA COVID-19 vaccine
Gebre, M. S., Rauch, S., Roth, N., Yu, J., Chandrashekar, A., Mercado, N. B., He, X., Liu, J., McMahan, K., Martinot, A., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04231-6 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Developing a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine at Warp Speed
O’Callaghan, K. P., Blatz, A. M., & Offit, P. A. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12190 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Warp Speed for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccines: Why Are Children Stuck in Neutral?
Anderson, E. J., Campbell, J. D., Creech, C. B., Frenck, R., Kamidani, S., Munoz, F. M., Nachman, S., & Spearman, P. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1425 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
A self-amplifying RNA vaccine against COVID-19 with long-term room-temperature stability
Voigt, E. A., Gerhardt, A., Hanson, D., Jennewein, M. F., Battisti, P., Reed, S., Singh, J., Mohamath, R., Bakken, J., Beaver, S., et al. (2022) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-022-00549-y · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Protective activity of mRNA vaccines against ancestral and variant SARS-CoV-2 strains
Ying, B., Whitener, B., VanBlargan, L. A., Hassan, A. O., Shrihari, S., Liang, C.-Y., Karl, C. E., Mackin, S., Chen, R. E., Kafai, N. M., et al. (2022) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abm3302 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Immunogenicity and efficacy of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine MRT5500 in preclinical animal models
Kalnin, K. V., Plitnik, T., Kishko, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, D., Beauvais, A., Anosova, N. G., Tibbitts, T., DiNapoli, J., Ulinski, G., et al. (2021) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-021-00324-5 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Chen, G.-L., Li, X.-F., Dai, X.-H., Li, N., Cheng, M.-L., Huang, Z., Shen, J., Ge, Y.-H., Shen, Z.-W., Deng, Y.-Q., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00280-9 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
An Omicron-specific, self-amplifying mRNA booster vaccine for COVID-19: a phase 2/3 randomized trial
Saraf, A., Gurjar, R., Kaviraj, S., Kulkarni, A., Kumar, D., Kulkarni, R., Virkar, R., Krishnan, J., Yadav, A., Baranwal, E., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02955-2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“T H 1 and T H 2 cell responses support B cell activation and differentiation for antigen-specific antibody production and long-term memory development through germinal cell responses 34,35 .”
Peng, L., Renauer, P. A., Ökten, A., Fang, Z., Park, J. J., Zhou, X., Lin, Q., Dong, M. B., Filler, R., Xiong, Q., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100634 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Immunogenicity of novel mRNA COVID-19 vaccine MRT5500 in mice and non-human primates
Kalnin, K. V., Plitnik, T., Kishko, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, D., Beauvais, A., Anosova, N. G., Tibbitts, T., DiNapoli, J. M., Huang, P.-W. D., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.337535 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Lobaloba Ingoba, L., Djontu, J. C., Mfoutou Mapanguy, C. C., Mouzinga, F., Diafouka Kietela, S., Vouvoungui, C., Kuisma, E., Nguimbi, E., & Ntoumi, F. (2022) · IJID Regions · doi:10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.01.002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Gebre, M. S., Rauch, S., Roth, N., Yu, J., Chandrashekar, A., Mercado, N. B., He, X., Liu, J., McMahan, K., Martinot, A., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.456316 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Graham, B. S.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Graham, Barney S.
- ORCID
- Graham, Barney S.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2020-05-29
- Volume
- 368
- Issue
- 6494
- Pages
- 945-946
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W3023230016
- Cited by
- 771
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 170 · 2021: 248 · 2020: 163 · 2018: 1
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Legal, Health, Environmental and COVID-19 Challenges
- Keywords
- COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine development, vaccine safety, vaccine availability, SARS-CoV-2
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Animals, Antibodies, Viral, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, T-Lymphocytes, Viral Vaccines, Virus Replication, Cytokines, Coronavirus Infections, Antibody-Dependent Enhancement, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
