Pubertal hormones organize the adolescent brain and behavior

In the citing paper

“That is, at least in adulthood, this region participates in multiple brain networks and varies its functional involvement with these networks according to the nature of the stimulus environment and task demands.”

In the citing paper

“More recently, theorists have proposed that AIC function goes beyond simply interpreting signals of arousal, and have argued that this region acts as an ‘integrative hub’ which is centrally involved in coordinating the recruitment of task- and context-relevant brain networks in response to arousal [10].”

In the citing paper

“This region is thought to act as a hub involved in the integration of cognitive and emotional information [10], and to have structural and functional connections to regions that feature prominently in current developmental models of adolescent decision making (e.g., the IPFC and striatum).”

In the citing paper

“During adolescence there are hormonally-driven organizational and activational changes in the brain”

In the citing paper

“recent studies have demonstrated that there are organizational changes occurring during adolescence as well, and, moreover, that these organizational changes may be critical for activational changes to take place”

In the citing paper

“Activational changes are considered transient, and the brain systems affected by them often return to their pre-activated state when hormone levels subside”

In the citing paper

“organizational changes are permanent changes in the structure and organization of brain regions that are initiated by the release of hormones but not dependent on continuing hormone release”

In the citing paper

“These processes of restructuring in the pubertal brain are argued to be driven by hormonal changes (Sisk and Foster 2004;Sisk and Zehr 2005;Schulz et al. 2009) and to carry functional consequences on higher order brain functions such as executive functions and social cognition”

In the citing paper

“Sex hormones intensify adolescent behavioral and psychological changes (94–96), but in emerging adulthood and into adulthood, average rates of depression, anxiety, and risk-taking decline.”

In the citing paper

“adolescence is often a time when various mental illnesses emerge such as mood disorders, drug abuse disorders, eating disorders, and psychoses (Pine 2002; Chambers, Taylor et al. 2003; Sisk and Zehr 2005; Paus, Keshavan et al. 2008)”

In the citing paper

“During preadolescence, the dopaminergic system experiences a restructuring that involves a reduction in the density of dopamine receptors in the striatum and prefrontal cortex, leading to an increased dopamine response (see review by Sisk and Zehr 2005).”

In the citing paper

“The same hormones that contribute to the developmental of the secondary sex characteristics also play a critical role in reorganizing neural circuitry (Schulz and Sisk, 2016, Sisk, 2016, Sisk and Zehr, 2005).”

In the citing paper

“Consistent with the idea that adolescence is a sensitive period for the behavioral effects of gonadal hormones, animal models suggest that the behavioral response to gonadal hormones differs between pre- and post-pubertal animals.”

In the citing paper

“Unlike the pre-pubertal brain, the post-pubertal brain is primed for steroid hormones to activate reproductive behavior (Sisk and Zehr, 2005).”

In the citing paper

“Furthermore, pubertal status is likely to modulate social fears and motivations, due to changing hormones and changing physical appearance (Forbes et al., 2010, Sisk and Zehr, 2005).”