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Cited by 346Hormonal and reproductive studiesSperm and Testicular FunctionMenopause: Health Impacts and Treatments

Endogenous sex hormones in men aged 40-80 years

Muller, M, den Tonkelaar, I, Thijssen, JH, Grobbee, DE, van der Schouw, YT·2003·European Journal of Endocrinology
DOI 10.1530/eje.0.1490583
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between aging, life-style factors and health-related factors and endogenous sex hormone levels. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 400 independently living men between 40 and 80 Years of age. METHODS: After exclusion of subjects who were not physically or mentally able to visit the study center, 400 men were randomly selected from a population-based sample. Total testosterone (TT), bioavailable testosterone (BT) (i.e. not bound to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)), SHBG, estradiol (E(2)) and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) were investigated for their relationship with age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, smoking, physical activity and general health status. Multivariate models using ANCOVA analyses were used to examine the contribution of life-style factors to sex hormone variability. RESULTS: TT, BT and DHEA-S decreased with age; 0.2, 0.7 and 1.2%/Year respectively. SHBG showed an increase with age of 1.1%/Year. No changes with age were found for E(2). General health status modified the association of TT and SHBG with age (P interaction 0.10 and 0.002 respectively). Increased BMI and waist circumference were associated with decreased TT, BT, SHBG and DHEA-S and increased E(2) (all P<0.01). Current smoking, lower alcohol intake and a higher physical activity score were associated with higher TT and SHBG levels. CONCLUSION: This study showed the important determinants of sex hormones were age, BMI, waist circumference, smoking, general health status and physical activity. Furthermore, it can be concluded that general health status modified the effect between sex hormones and age. For future observational studies it should be taken into account that the above-mentioned determinants may alter the association between sex hormones and diseases and related conditions.

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  • Previous studies of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity with sex steroid hormones and SHBG levels in men were limited by small sample sizes, were restricted to older men, or both.

    “Previous studies of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity with sex steroid hormones and SHBG levels in men were limited by small sample sizes [22], were restricted to older men [17], or both [20].”

    From Association of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with sex steroid hormone levels in US men (2009) · cites this paper as [17]

  • Few studies have addressed the association between physical activity and hormone levels, with inconsistent findings.

    “Few studies have addressed the association between physical activity and hormone levels, with inconsistent findings [16–19].”

    From Association of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with sex steroid hormone levels in US men (2009) · cites this paper as [17]

  • Adiposity is a well-known modifiable predictor of sex steroid hormones in men.

    “Adiposity is a well-known modifiable predictor of sex steroid hormones in men [14, 16–20]”

    From Association of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with sex steroid hormone levels in US men (2009) · cites this paper as [17]

  • The association between alcohol consumption and sex steroid hormone concentrations has been inconsistent, with some evidence suggesting no association and other evidence supporting increased androstanediol glucuronide and estradiol and decreased SHBG with increased alcohol consumption.

    “The association between alcohol consumption and sex steroid hormone concentrations has been inconsistent, with some evidence suggesting no association [16–19], and other evidence supporting increased levels of androstanediol glucuronide [16], and estradiol [17], and decreased levels of SHBG [18] with increased alcohol consumption.”

    From Association of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with sex steroid hormone levels in US men (2009) · cites this paper as [17]

  • Mean total and bioavailable testosterone levels in diabetic men were lower in all age groups compared with data reported by Leifke et al. in healthy nonobese males and by Muller et al. in independently living men.

    “The mean total and bioavailable testosterone levels in our diabetic men were also lower in all age-groups compared with data reported by Leifke et al. (11) in healthy nonobese males and by Muller et al. (33) in independently living men.”

    From Clinical and Biochemical Assessment of Hypogonadism in Men With Type 2 Diabetes (2007) · cites this paper as [33]

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Authors
Muller, M., den Tonkelaar, I., Thijssen, J., Grobbee, D., & van der Schouw, Y.
Affiliations
University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
ORCID
Venue
European Journal of Endocrinology
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2003-12-01
Volume
149
Issue
6
Pages
583-589
ISSN
  • 0804-4643 (ISSN-L)
  • 1479-683X
DOI
10.1530/eje.0.1490583
OpenAlex
W2007326249
Cited by
346
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 28
FWCI
6.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • European Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
  • Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
Keywords
endogenous sex hormones, aging, men, testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, health status, lifestyle factors
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cross-Sectional Studies, Estradiol, Health Status, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Testosterone, Body Mass Index, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate

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