The contributing role of the intestinal microbiota in stressor-induced increases in susceptibility to enteric infection and systemic immunomodulation
Abstract
The body is colonized by highly complex and genetically diverse communities of microbes, the majority of which reside within the intestines in largely stable but dynamically interactive climax communities. These microbes, referred to as the microbiota, have many functions that enhance the health of the host, and it is now recognized that the microbiota influence both mucosal and systemic immunity. The studies outlined in this review demonstrate that the microbiota are also involved in stressor-induced immunomodulation. Exposure to different types of stressors, including both physical and psychological stressors, changes the composition of the intestinal microbiota. The altered profile increases susceptibility to an enteric pathogen, i.e., Citrobacter rodentium, upon oral challenge, but is also associated with stressor-induced increases in innate immune activity. Studies using germfree mice, as well as antibiotic-treated mice, provide further evidence that the microbiota contribute to stressor-induced immunomodulation; stressor-induced increases in splenic macrophage microbicidal activity fail to occur in mice with no, or reduced, intestinal microbiota. While the mechanisms by which microbiota can impact mucosal immunity have been studied, how the microbiota impact systemic immune responses is not clear. A mechanism is proposed in which stressor-induced degranulation of mucosal mast cells increases the permeability of the intestines. This increased permeability would allow intact bacteria and/or bacterial products (like peptidoglycan) to translocate from the lumen of the intestines to the interior of the body, where they directly, or indirectly, prime the innate immune system for enhanced reactivity to antigenic stimulation.
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Published data from animal and clinical studies indicate that stress causes dysbiosis.
“Published data from animal and clinical studies indicate that stress causes dysbiosis.”
From Stress triggers flare of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adults (2019) · cites this paper as [43]
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- Authors
- Bailey, M. T.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bailey, Michael T.
- ORCID
- Bailey, Michael T.
- Venue
- Hormones and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 286-294
- ISSN
- 0018-506X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2030376051
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, stress, psychological stress, physical stress, gastrointestinal infections, Citrobacter rodentium, immunomodulation, innate immunity, mucosal immunity, germ-free mice, antibiotic-treated mice, splenic macrophages, mast cell degranulation, intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation, peptidoglycan, systemic immune response
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Susceptibility, Enterobacteriaceae Infections, Immune System, Intestines, Immunity, Mucosal, Mice, Metagenome, Immunomodulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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