Differential effects of intranasal oxytocin on sexual experiences and partner interactions in couples
Abstract
Knowledge about the effects of the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) on human sexual behaviors and partner interactions remains limited. Based on our previous studies, we hypothesize that OXT should be able to positively influence parameters of sexual function and couple interactions. Employing a naturalistic setting involving 29 healthy heterosexual couples (n=58 participants), we analyzed the acute effects of intranasally administered OXT (24IU) on sexual drive, arousal, orgasm and refractory aspects of sexual behavior together with partner interactions. Data were assessed by psychometric instruments (Acute Sexual Experiences Scale, Arizona Sexual Experience Scale) as well as biomarkers, such as cortisol, α-amylase and heart rate. Intranasal OXT administration did not alter "classical" parameters of sexual function, such as sexual drive, arousal or penile erection and lubrication. However, analysis of variance and a hierarchical linear model (HLM) revealed specific effects related to the orgasmic/post-orgasmic interval as well as parameters of partner interactions. According to HLM analysis, OXT increased the intensity of orgasm, contentment after sexual intercourse and the effect of study participation. According to ANOVA analysis, these effects were more pronounced in men. Men additionally indicated higher levels of sexual satiety after sexual intercourse with OXT administration. Women felt more relaxed and subgroups indicated better abilities to share sexual desires or to empathize with their partners. The effect sizes were small to moderate. Biomarkers indicated moderate psychophysiological activation but were not affected by OXT, gender or method of contraception. Using a naturalistic setting, intranasal OXT administration in couples exerted differential effects on parameters of sexual function and partner interactions. These results warrant further investigations, including subjects with sexual and relationship problems.
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OXT increases the intensity of orgasm and contentment after copulation.
“OXT has been found to increase the intensity of orgasm and contentment after copulation (Behnia et al., 2014)”
From Hormonal contraceptives suppress oxytocin-induced brain reward responses to the partner’s face (2016) · cites this paper as Behnia et al., 2014
The OXT system has been implicated in female sexual receptivity, as well as sexual arousal and orgasm during interactions between pair-mates.
“The OXT system has been implicated in female sexual receptivity (Cushing and Carter, 2000), as well as sexual arousal and orgasm (Behnia et al., 2014) during interactions between pair-mates.”
From Marmosets treated with oxytocin are more socially attractive to their long-term mate (2015) · cites this paper as Behnia et al., 2014
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Caruso, S., Mauro, D., Scalia, G., Palermo, C. I., Rapisarda, A. M. C., & Cianci, A. (2017) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2017.1336219 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Studies have recently focused on many less known functions of Oxt, particularly on sexual activity [6,7], influencing different parameters of male and female sexual function, such as lust [6], orgasm [8], erection [9] and ejaculation [10]; all these aspects make it a potential candidate as a target for drug therapy [8…”
BackgroundAntidepressant Use During Development May Impair Women's Sexual Desire in Adulthood
Lorenz, T. K. (2020) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.12.012 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Oxytocin Modulates the Cognitive Appraisal of the Own and Others Close Intimate Relationships
Aguilar‐Raab, C., Eckstein, M., Geracitano, S., Prévost, M., Gold, I., Heinrichs, M., Bilderbeck, A. C., Ehlert, U., & Ditzen, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00714 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationSpecific factors and methodological decisions influencing brain responses to sexual stimuli in women
Hof, S. R. V. ’., & Cera, N. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.013 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Conversely, oxytocin administration affects orgasmic and post-orgasmic intervals and aspects of partner interactions (Behnia et al., 2014).”
An evolutionary behaviorist perspective on orgasm
Fleischman, D. S. (2016) · Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology · doi:10.3402/snp.v6.32130 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Oxytocin may increase the strength of orgasm and is released in amounts based on the quality of orgasm (Behnia et al., 2014) and increases the sensitivity to socially reinforced (e.g. smiling faces) learning (Hurlemann et al., 2010).”
BackgroundAbedi, P., Zohrabi, I., Ansari, S., Maraghi, E., Maram, N. S., & Houshmand, G. (2020) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2020.1738606 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…by Behnia et al., on 29 healthy couples, and authors could not find an effect of intranasal oxytocin on sexual desire, arousal, orgasm and refractory aspects of sexual behavior in couples, but it could increase the intimacy of orgasm, and contentment after sexual intercourse (Behnia et al., 2014).”
BackgroundOxytocin Neurons Enable Melanocortin Regulation of Male Sexual Function in Mice
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Ejaculate Collection Influences the Salivary Oxytocin Concentrations in Breeding Male Pigs
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“Previous studies in humans found that blood oxytocin was positively related with intensity of sexual behavior and couple interaction [49].”
BackgroundEffects of Intranasal Oxytocin Administration on Sexual Functions in Healthy Women
Krüger, T. H. C., Deiter, F., Zhang, Y., Jung, S., Schippert, C., Kahl, K. G., Heinrichs, M., Schedlowski, M., & Hartmann, U. H. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000863 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In males, however, OXT administration might rather affect functional variables, especially orgasmic and postorgasmic parameters.(16) These findings might fit well with regard to gender-specific functions of OXT in experiencing sexual encounters and perceiving sexual arousal.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe neurobiology of the male sexual refractory period
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“OT and Social Preference In animals, the SP reflects the components of both sociality and reproduction demands observed in human beings (Behnia et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialOxytocin and Human Sexuality: Recent Developments
Alley, J. C., & Diamond, L. M. (2020) · Current Sexual Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s11930-020-00274-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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“the intensity of orgasm and satisfaction after sexual intercourse [94].”
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Smith, A. L., Walum, H., Connor‐Stroud, F., Freeman, S. M., Inoue, K., Parr, L. A., Goodman, M. M., & Young, L. J. (2016) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2016.10.035 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Female Sexual Dysfunction: Is It a Treatable Disease?
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The neural and genetic correlates of satisfying sexual activity in heterosexual pair‐bonds
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“Intranasal OT has also been associated with increased orgasm intensity, and complex social behaviors such as trust, eye contact, and increased partner empathy during sex (Behnia et al., 2014; Guastella, Mitchell, & Dadds, 2008; Kosfeld et al., 2005).”
BackgroundRastrelli, G., Antonio, L., Carrier, S., Isidori, A. M., & Maggi, M. (2025) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf025 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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“This is in line with research showing a stronger negative effect of intranasal OT on autonomic arousal (measured with salivary α-amylase (23)), as well as a stronger positive effect on feelings of relaxation in women than in men (58).”
ResultSelf-citationNovel topical formulation applied to the nipple‐areola complex improves female orgasm
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“48 Tactile stimulation has been found to elevate plasma oxytocin levels, potentially enhancing fidelity in romantic partnerships.”
An evolutionary perspective on oxytocin and its behavioral effects
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The Physiological Basis of Problematic Sexual Interests and Behaviors
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Self-citationFrom Parental Behavior to Sexual Function: Recent Advances in Oxytocin Research
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“However, a similar study where participants had sex with their partners at home found that women were more relaxed, better at communicating their sexual desires, and better at empathizing with their partner after intranasal oxytocin treatment [95].”
BackgroundFemale sexual dysfunctions: an overview on the available therapeutic interventions
LARA, L. A. D. S., RUFINO, A. C., OLIVEIRA, F. F., ROSSATO, S., BORGES, C. S., & REIS, R. M. (2022) · Minerva Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.23736/s2724-606x.22.04966-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Oxytocin Release: A Remedy for Cerebral Inflammaging
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“4 Oxytocin is a peptide hormone shown to play an excitatory role in the neurobiological paradigm for sexual function, 5 however, it was not shown to be an effective pharmacological treatment for female sexual dysfunction (FSD).”
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Placebo and Nocebo Effects in Sexual Medicine: An Experimental Approach
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“, 2003), we assessed sexual function using specific items selected from the Acute Sexual Experience Scale (ASES; Behnia et al., 2014; Kruger et al., 2003) together with the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX).”
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Cohen, S. D., & Goldstein, I. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3100-2_23 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Central for all defi nitions of female orgasmic disorder, including the recent DSM 5, is a diffi culty in achieving orgasm, substantially decreased intensity of orgasm, or both [ 9 ].”
BackgroundHeterociclos: pequeñas y maravillosas estructuras en el organismo humano
Universidad Veracruzana, F. D. C. Q., Hernández‐Romero, D., Barradas, O. G., et al. (2018) · Revista Digital Universitaria · doi:10.22201/codeic.16076079e.2018.v19n4.a3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Love and Commitment in Romantic Relationships
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Intranasal oxytocin increases cooperation of heterosexual men with women
Cosme, G., Patrocínio, M., Cogoni, C., Kosilo, M., & Prata, D. P. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107519 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Current and future pharmacotherapy for female sexual dysfunction
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“According to an analysis of variance (ANOVA), these effects were more pronounced in men, and women felt more relaxed 121 .”
Hormonal Mechanisms of In-Pair Mating and Maintenance
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Störungen des sexuellen Interesses und der sexuellen Erregung bei der Frau
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Self-citationExploring the role of oxytocin in communication processes: A test of the post sex disclosures model
Denes, A., Crowley, J. P., Dhillon, A., Bennett‐Brown, M., Stebbins, J. L., & Granger, S. W. (2021) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2021.1957490 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Although relatively little is known about the role of oxytocin in sexual interactions between partners (Behnia et al., 2014), the limited literature on individuals’ sexual behavior suggests that oxytocin contributes to sexual functioning, intensifies sexual episodes, and produces more intense…”
BackgroundHormonal response to perceived emotional distress in incarcerated men with sexual sadism
Cazala, F., Zak, P. J., Beavin, L. E., Thornton, D. M., Kiehl, K. A., & Harenski, C. L. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111180 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Does activation of oxytocinergic reward circuits postpone the decline of the aging brain?
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The Hormonal Underpinnings of Sexual Communication
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The Effect of Intranasal Oxytocin on Sexual Function in Men and Women: A Systematic Review
Mirghafourvand, M., & Ghorbani, Z. (2022) · Current Drug Therapy · doi:10.2174/1574885517666220823164357 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Impact of sexuality on degenerative diseases
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The Neural and Genetic Basis of Romantic Love
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Evaluation and Treatment of Orgasmic Dysfunction
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Introduction to Sexual Medicine
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Die Neurobiologie und ihre Implikationen für die Sexualtherapie
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Charting Salivary Oxytocin Across an Episode of Naturally Occurring Partnered Sex
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“…prior research indicated that plasma OXT increases following sexual activity (Blaicher et al., 1999; Carmichael et al., 1987; Murphy et al., 1987) and OXT is positively associated with the intensity of orgasm and contentment after orgasm (Behnia et al., 2014; Carter, 1992; Zhang et al., 2015).”
Google Trends Analyses and Case Report: A Persistently Dilated Pupil in Psychedelics’ User
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“Hence, it increases in bursts during sexual intercourse; Pitocin (oxytocin) is also medicinally used to induce uterine contraction to either facilitate or induce a normal vaginal delivery (Behnia et al., 2014; Carter, 2014).”
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Oxytocin and Romantic Relationships: A Functional Perspective
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Oxytocin & well-being as promoters of affect regulation and homeostasis: a neuroscientific review
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“CTafferents seem to best respond to gentle stroking touch, stimulating the release of OT (Behnia et al, 2014), endogenous opioids (Nummenmaa et al, 2016), and regulating serotonin (McGlone, Wessberg, & Olausson, 2014).”
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“Like how it triggers uterine contractions during birth labor (Uvnäs-Moberg et al., 2019), oxytocin also intensifies vaginal contractions and ejaculation during orgasm and post-sex relaxation (Behnia et al., 2014; Cera et al., 2021; Guastella et al., 2008).”
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- Authors
- Behnia, B., Heinrichs, M., Bergmann, W., Jung, S., Germann, J., Schedlowski, M., Hartmann, U., & Kruger, T. H. C.
- Affiliations
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Stiftung Universitätsmedizin Essen (DE)
- Venue
- Hormones and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-03
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 308-318
- ISSN
- 0018-506X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2030333429
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 16.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Keywords
- oxytocin, intranasal administration, sexual behavior, couple interaction, orgasm intensity, sexual drive, sexual arousal, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Adult, alpha-Amylases, Coitus, Double-Blind Method, Family Characteristics, Female, Heart Rate
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