Plasma oxytocin increases in the human sexual response

CARMICHAEL, MARIE S.; HUMBERT, RICHARD; DIXEN, JEAN; PALMISANO, GLENN; GREENLEAF, WALTER; DAVIDSON, JULIAN M.

doi:10.1210/jcem-64-1-27

Cited by 555Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorSexual function and dysfunction studiesHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

Plasma oxytocin increases in the human sexual response

CARMICHAEL, MARIE S., HUMBERT, RICHARD, DIXEN, JEAN, PALMISANO, GLENN, GREENLEAF, WALTER, DAVIDSON, JULIAN M.·1987·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1210/jcem-64-1-27

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine whether plasma oxytocin (OT) levels change during human sexual responses and, if so, to demonstrate the temporal pattern of change. Plasma OT levels were measured by RIA before, during, and after private self-stimulation to orgasm in normal men (n = 9) and women (n = 13). Blood samples were collected continuously through indwelling venous catheters. The subjects pressed a signal to indicate the start and finish of orgasm/ejaculation. Objective assessment of sexual arousal and orgasm was obtained by measuring blood-pulse amplitude and electromyographic activity, recorded continuously throughout testing from an anal device containing a photoplethysmograph and electromyograph electrodes connected to a polygraph located in an adjacent room. These measures allowed collection of data from men and women of changes in blood flow and muscle activity in the lower pelvic/pubic area. Plasma OT levels increased during sexual arousal in both women and men and were significantly higher during orgasm/ejaculation than during prior baseline testing. We suggest that the temporal pattern of secretion could be related to smooth muscle contractions of the reproductive system during orgasm.

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OT plasma levels increase in both men and women during sexual arousal, peaking during orgasm.
“OT plasma levels have also been reported to increase in both men and women during sexual arousal, peaking during orgasm [136].”
From The Neurobiology of Love and Pair Bonding from Human and Animal Perspectives (2023) · cites this paper as [136]
Carmichael et al. (1987) found plasma OT increased around orgasm in men and women, remaining raised for at least 5 min after orgasm.
“Carmichael et al. (1987) found that plasma OT increased around the time of orgasm in men and women, remaining raised for at least 5 min after orgasm.”
From The endocrinology of sexual arousal (2005) · cites this paper as Carmichael et al. (1987)
OT is released in humans during hugging, touching, massage, nipple stimulation, and orgasm, and promotes increased eye gaze, trust, and attention to emotional cues.
“OT is released in humans during hugging, touching, massage, nipple stimulation, and orgasm (Carmichael et al 1987; Christensson et al 1989; Turner et al 1999; Light et al 2000; Light et al 2005), and promotes increased eye gaze, trust, and attention to emotional cues (Kosfeld et al 2005; Domes et al 2007; Guastella et al 2008; Andari et al 2010).”
From The behavioral, anatomical and pharmacological parallels between social attachment, love and addiction (2012) · cites this paper as Carmichael et al 1987
In independent studies in rodents and sheep, contexts or behaviors shown to have central oxytocin involvement also show positive increases in plasma oxytocin levels.
“In independent studies in rodents and sheep, contexts or behaviors shown to have central oxytocin involvement also show positive increases in plasma oxytocin levels (rodents: Ogawa et al., 1980; Carmichael et al., 1987; Stock and Uvnäs-Moberg, 1988; Juszczak and Stempniak, 1997; Neumann et al., 2000; sheep: Keverne et al., 1983; Kendrick et al., 1986).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Carmichael et al., 1987
Oxytocin is released during sexual arousal and orgasm.
“Oxytocin is released during sexual arousal and orgasm (Blaicher et al., 1999, Burri et al., 2008, Carmichael et al., 1987, but see Kruger et al., 2003, Murphy et al., 1987).”
From Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine (2014) · cites this paper as Carmichael et al., 1987

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BackgroundResultInfluential
Oxytocin reduces anxiety via ERK1/2 activation: local effect within the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
Blume, A., Bosch, O. J., Miklos, S., Torner, L., Wales, L., Waldherr, M., & Neumann, I. D. (2008) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06184.x · Cited by 255 · see citing works
“…such locally released OT is likely to mediate the reduced level of anxiety and increased calmness found in lactation (Carter & Altemus, 1997; Windle et al., 1997; Heinrichs et al., 2003; Heinrichs & Koob, 2004), as well as after sexual activity (Carmichael et al., 1987; Waldherr & Neumann, 2007).”
Background
Human female orgasm and mate fluctuating asymmetry
Thornhill, R., Gangestad, S. W., & Comer, R. (1995) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80014-x · Cited by 253 · see citing works
“Circulating oxytocin increases during the human female sexual response, peaking at orgasm, and is believed to facilitate orgasmic contractions of the smooth muscles of the uterus and vagina (Carmichael et al. 1987; Carter 1992).”
Background
Brain activation during vaginocervical self-stimulation and orgasm in women with complete spinal cord injury: fMRI evidence of mediation by the Vagus nerves
Komisaruk, B. R., Whipple, B., Crawford, A., Grimes, S., Liu, W.-C., Kalnin, A., & Mosier, K. (2004) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.07.029 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
“That is, the PVN neurons secrete oxytocin, which is stored in the posterior pituitary [12], vaginal or cervical stimulation releases the oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland into the bloodstream—a response known as the Ferguson Reflex [19]—and orgasm releases oxytocin into the bloodstream [5,8,9].”
Background
Enhanced social interactions in rats following chronic, centrally infused oxytocin
Witt, D. M., Winslow, J. T., & Insel, T. R. (1992) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(92)90418-f · Cited by 244 · see citing works
The nature of human orgasm: a critical review of major trends
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“…orgasm characteristics themselves, such as duration of orgasm and strength of vaginal or muscle spasms, were associated with reported orgasm strength, satisfaction (Fisher, 1973; Kinsey et al., 1951), and consistency (e.g., Bohlen et al., 1980; Bohlen et al., 1982; Carmichael et al., 1987, 1994).”
BackgroundInfluential
Oxytocin and Social Bondinga
CARTER, C. S., WILLIAMS, J. R., WITT, D. M., & INSEL, T. R. (1992) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb34356.x · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Integrative Functions of Lactational Hormones in Social Behavior and Stress Managementa
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The psychobiology of emotion: the role of the oxytocinergic system
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“Oxytocin has also been shown to be released in response to sexual activity ( Carmichael et al., 1987 ) and to massage in both sexes (Turner, Altemus, Enos, Cooper, & McGuiness, 1999).”
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Oxytocin stimulates adult neurogenesis even under conditions of stress and elevated glucocorticoids
Leuner, B., Caponiti, J., & Gould, E. (2011) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20947 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“Sexual experience also stimulates oxytocin release in the periphery, as well as in the brain (Stoneham et al., 1985; Carmichael et al., 1987; Waldherr and Neumann, 2007).”
Background
Oxytocin and human social behavior.
Campbell, A. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310363594 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
“More directly, OT level have been reported to rise during genital stimulation, copulation, and orgasm (Carmichael et al., 1987; Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998), though rises in response to massage (typically given by a masseur unacquainted with the participant) are usually nonsignificant (Turner et al., 1999;…”
Background
Menstrual cycle-related changes in plasma oxytocin are relevant to normal sexual function in healthy women
Salonia, A., Nappi, R. E., Pontillo, M., Daverio, R., Smeraldi, A., Briganti, A., Fabbri, F., Zanni, G. E., Rigatti, P., & Montorsi, F. (2004) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.10.002 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Central control of penile erection: Role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
Argiolas, A., & Melis, M. R. (2005) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.002 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Oxytocin and social motivation
Gordon, I., Martin, C., Feldman, R., & Leckman, J. F. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.07.007 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“Consistent with these findings, OT is released during sexual activity in both men and women (Carmichael et al., 1987).”
Distinguishing specific sexual and general emotional effects in fMRI—Subcortical and cortical arousal during erotic picture viewing
Walter, M., Bermpohl, F., Mouras, H., Schiltz, K., Tempelmann, C., Rotte, M., Heinze, H. J., Bogerts, B., & Northoff, G. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.040 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“In humans, paraventricular hypothalamic secretion of oxytocin was reported to be increased during SA in males and females (Carmichael et al., 1987, 1994).”
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Biological Aspects of Social Bonding and the Roots of Human Violence
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Regional cerebral blood flow changes associated with clitorally induced orgasm in healthy women
Georgiadis, J. R., Kortekaas, R., Kuipers, R., Nieuwenburg, A., Pruim, J., Reinders, A. A. T. S., & Holstege, G. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05206.x · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“, 1994), but also plasma concentrations of oxytocin (Carmichael et al., 1987; Carmichael et al., 1994) and prolactin (Exton et al.”
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Oxytocin role in enhancing well-being: A literature review
IsHak, W. W., Kahloon, M., & Fakhry, H. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.001 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Premature Ejaculation
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Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018
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Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review
Crockford, C., Deschner, T., Ziegler, T. E., & Wittig, R. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00068 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
The hormonal control of ejaculation
Corona, G., Jannini, E. A., Vignozzi, L., Rastrelli, G., & Maggi, M. (2012) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.147 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Orgasm-induced prolactin secretion: feedback control of sexual drive?
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Functional MRI of the Brain during Orgasm in Women
Komisaruk, B. R., & Whipple, B. (2005) · Annual Review of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/10532528.2005.10559829 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Central and peripheral effects of oxytocin administration in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)
Witt, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Walton, D. M. (1990) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(90)90042-g · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Helping oxytocin deliver: considerations in the development of oxytocin-based therapeutics for brain disorders
MacDonald, K., & Feifel, D. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00035 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“…in OT levels in states like pregnancy (Kuwabara et al., 1987; Fuchs et al., 1992; Lindow et al., 1996), breastfeeding (Jonas et al., 2009; Grewen et al., 2010), orgasm (Carmichael et al., 1987), parenting (Feldman, 2012), and certain stressors (Nussey et al., 1988; Sanders et al., 1990).”
Background
The role of oxytocin and the paraventricular nucleus in the sexual behaviour of male mammals
Argiolas, A., & Melis, M. R. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.019 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Specificity of the neuroendocrine response to orgasm during sexual arousal in men
Kruger, T., Haake, P., Chereath, D., Knapp, W., Janssen, O., Exton, M., Schedlowski, M., & Hartmann, U. (2003) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1770057 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“Moreover, no control groups were included in these studies (Carmichael et al. 1987, Murphy et al. 1987, 1990, Carmichael et al. 1994, Blaicher et al. 1999).”
BackgroundInfluential
Cardiovascular and Endocrine Alterations After Masturbation-Induced Orgasm in Women
Exton, M. S., Bindert, A., Kruger, T., Scheller, F., Hartmann, U., & Schedlowski, M. (1999) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199905000-00005 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
The acute effects of intranasal oxytocin administration on endocrine and sexual function in males
Burri, A., Heinrichs, M., Schedlowski, M., & Kruger, T. H. C. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.01.014 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Oxytocin receptor density is associated with male mating tactics and social monogamy
Ophir, A. G., Gessel, A., Zheng, D.-J., & Phelps, S. M. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.007 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“Oxytocin is released during vaginocervical stimulation or mating (Kendrick et al., 1986; Ross et al., 2009a; Sansone et al., 2002) and during human orgasm (Carmichael et al., 1987), presumably enhancing the association between an individual and the hedonic reward elicited by mating.”
The advantage of social living: Brain neuropeptides mediate the beneficial consequences of sex and motherhood
Neumann, I. D. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.04.012 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“OXT secretion into blood is induced by massage and stroking [195] as well as during sexual behaviour and mating – the most intense form of social behaviour found in males [27,184].”
Anatomy and neurochemistry of the pair bond
Young, L. J., Murphy Young, A. Z., & Hammock, E. A. D. (2005) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20771 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“OT and AVP are released into the blood during sexual arousal and orgasm in humans (Carmichael et al., 1987; Murphy et al., 1987).”
Background
Individual differences in male rat ejaculatory behaviour: searching for models to study ejaculation disorders
Pattij, T., De Jong, T. R., Uitterdijk, A., Waldinger, M. D., Veening, J. G., Cools, A. R., Van Der Graaf, P. H., & Olivier, B. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04252.x · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“, 1987) and during ejaculation in blood plasma of humans (Carmichael et al., 1987).”
Background
The role of oxytocin in male and female reproductive behavior
Veening, J. G., A, T. R. D. J., Waldinger, M. D., Korte, S. M., & Olivier, B. (2014) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.045 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“tions in rats, rabbits and humans (Carmichael et al., 1987; Hillegaart et al., 1998; Kruger et al., 2003; Murphy et al., 1987; Stoneham et al., 1985; Uckert et al., 2003) presumably has a function.”
Background
Peripheral oxytocin and vasopressin: Biomarkers of psychiatric disorders? A comprehensive systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis
Rutigliano, G., Rocchetti, M., Paloyelis, Y., Gilleen, J., Sardella, A., Cappucciati, M., Palombini, E., Dell’Osso, L., Caverzasi, E., Politi, P., et al. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.117 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“Originally, ADH and OT have been described as hormones, involved respectively in antidiuresis, osmolality regulation, direct vasoconstriction and hepatic glycogenolysis (Appelgren, 1982; Robertson, 2001) and labor (Husslein, 1984), lactation (Crowley, 2015), and sexual activity (Carmichael et al., 1987).”
Neuropeptides and sexual behaviour
Argiolas, A. (1999) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00068-8 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Oxytocin—its role in male reproduction and new potential therapeutic uses
Thackare, H., Nicholson, H. D., & Whittington, K. (2006) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmk002 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“In several animals including the human male, a pulse of OT probably of hypothalamic origin is associated with ejaculation (Ogawa et al., 1980; Carmichael et al., 1987; Murphy et al., 1987).”
Background
Neuropeptides and central control of sexual behaviour from the past to the present: A review
Argiolas, A., & Melis, M. R. (2013) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.006 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Communicating affection: interpersonal behavior and social context
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In the Mood for Love or Vice Versa? Exploring the Relations Among Sexual Activity, Physical Affection, Affect, and Stress in the Daily Lives of Mid-Aged Women
Burleson, M. H., Trevathan, W. R., & Todd, M. W. (2006) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9071-1 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“For example, massage-like touch causes release of oxytocin in rats (Lund et al., 2005) and sexual arousal and orgasm cause enhanced release of oxytocin in human males and females (Carmichael et al., 1987).”
Influential
Sources of Marital Conflict in Five Cultures
Dillon, L. M., Nowak, N. T., Weisfeld, G. E., Weisfeld, C. C., Shattuck, K. S., İmamoğlu, O., Butovskaya, M., & Shen, J. (2015) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491501300101 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Physiology and Pharmacology of Ejaculation
Clément, P., & Giuliano, F. (2015) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/bcpt.12546 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The role of central oxytocin in obsessive compulsive disorder and related normal behavior
Leckman, J. F., Goodman, W. K., North, W. G., Chappell, P. B., Price, L. H., Pauls, D. L., Anderson, G. M., Riddle, M. A., McDougle, C. J., Barr, L. C., et al. (1994) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(94)90021-3 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Vasopressin and Oxytocin Neurons of the Human Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nucleus; Size Changes in Relation to Age and Sex
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“men and in women (15), and the number of OT neurons in”
Background
Neuropeptides and the social brain: potential rodent models of autism
Lim, M. M., Bielsky, I. F., & Young, L. J. (2005) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.05.006 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Oxytocin has been shown to be critical for the formation of mother–infant bonds in sheep.”
Background
Central control of penile erection: A re-visitation of the role of oxytocin and its interaction with dopamine and glutamic acid in male rats
Melis, M. R., & Argiolas, A. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.10.014 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Social Affiliation and Pair Bonding
Carter, C. S., & Keverne, E. B. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008088783-8.00004-8 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The oxytocin antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)-Orn8-vasotocin inhibits male copulatory behaviour in rats
Argiolas, A., Collu, M., Gessa, G. L., Melis, M. R., & Serra, G. (1988) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(88)90675-9 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Chronic fluoxetine inhibits sexual behavior in the male rat: reversal with oxytocin
Cantor, J. M., Binik, Y. M., & Pfaus, J. G. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130051018 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“With regard to human sexual behavior, plasma levels of oxytocin rise during sexual stimulation in both men and women ( Carmichael et al. 1987, 1994; Murphy et al. 1987, 1990).”
Background
A relationship between oxytocin and anxiety of romantic attachment
Marazziti (2006) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1745-0179-2-28 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Oxytocin in the socioemotional brain: implications for psychiatric disorders
Kirsch, P. (2015) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2015.17.4/pkirsch · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The orgasmic history of oxytocin: Love, lust, and labor
Magon, N., & Kalra, S. (2011) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/2230-8210.84851 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“[23] This “cuddle drug” can indeed make partners cuddle up, and can have a larger role in treatment for infertility in future! Can it indeed increase the lust for love? Interestingly, at least two studies have found increases in plasma oxytocin at orgasm---in both men and women.[24,25]”
When Sex Primes Love: Subliminal Sexual Priming Motivates Relationship Goal Pursuit
Gillath, O., Mikulincer, M., Birnbaum, G. E., & Shaver, P. R. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208318141 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“Similar findings in studies of humans suggest that certain behaviors such as foreplay (kissing, hugging, caressing), sexual intercourse, and sexual orgasm tend to result in the secretion of oxytocin and various opioids into the blood stream (e.g., Carmichael et al., 1987; Filippi et al., 2003).”
Result
Sex Buffers Intimates Against the Negative Implications of Attachment Insecurity
Little, K. C., McNulty, J. K., & Russell, V. M. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209352494 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Indeed, levels of oxytocin are elevated during both sexual arousal (Carmichael et al., 1987) and sexual climax (Carter, 1992), and increased levels of oxytocin have been linked to both pair bonding in animals (e.g., Cho, DeVries, Williams, & Carter, 1999) and perceptions of closeness in humans…”
Oxytocin and vasopressin: genetics and behavioral implications
Caldwell, H. K., & Young, W. S. (2006) · Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30381-9_25 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Oxytocin and Vasopressin: Genetics and Behavioral Implications
Caldwell, H. K., & Young, W. S. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-30395-2_25 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
OxytocinSynthesis, Secretion, and Reproductive Functions
BURBACH, J., YOUNG, L., & RUSSELL, J. (2006) · Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction · doi:10.1016/b978-012515400-0/50063-4 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Nonsocial Functions of Hypothalamic Oxytocin
Yang, H.-P., Wang, L., Han, L., & Wang, S. C. (2013) · ISRN Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2013/179272 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Plasma OXT levels increase during sexual arousal in both women and men and are significantly higher during orgasm/ejaculation than during prior baseline levels [90].”
Background
Participation of Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus in Central Regulation of Penile Erection in the Rat
Chen, K., Chan, S. H. H., Chang, L. S.-S., & Chan, J. Y. H. (1997) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1097/00005392-199707000-00078 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Detection, processing and reinforcement of social cues: regulation by the oxytocin system
Menon, R., & Neumann, I. D. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-023-00759-w · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Furthermore, OXT secretion into the blood is stimulated by sexual activity 138 , mother–infant interactions 139 , psychosocial stress 140 or intense interactions with pets 141 .”
Background

Relationships among cardiovascular, muscular, and oxytocin responses during human sexual activity
Carmichael, M. S., Warburton, V. L., Dixen, J., & Davidson, J. M. (1994) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01541618 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
The role of oxytocin in relation to female sexual arousal
Blaicher, W., Gruber, D., Bieglmayer, C., Blaicher, A. M., Knogler, W., & Huber, J. C. (1999) · Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation · doi:10.1159/000010075 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Oxytocin plasma levels in the systemic and cavernous blood of healthy males during different penile conditions
Ückert, S., Becker, A. J., Ness, B. O., Stief, C. G., Scheller, F., Knapp, W. H., & Udo Jonas, A. (2003) · World Journal of Urology · doi:10.1007/s00345-002-0300-5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Changes in oxytocin and vasopressin secretion during sexual activity in men
MURPHY, M. R., SECKL, J. R., BURTON, S., CHECKLEY, S. A., & LIGHTMAN, S. L. (1987) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-65-4-738 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Menstrual cycle-related changes in plasma oxytocin are relevant to normal sexual function in healthy women
Salonia, A., Nappi, R. E., Pontillo, M., Daverio, R., Smeraldi, A., Briganti, A., Fabbri, F., Zanni, G. E., Rigatti, P., & Montorsi, F. (2004) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.10.002 · Cited by 229 · see citing works

Authors: CARMICHAEL, M. S., HUMBERT, R., DIXEN, J., PALMISANO, G., GREENLEAF, W., & DAVIDSON, J. M.
Affiliations: Stanford Medicine (US)
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 1987-01
Volume: 64
Issue: 1
Pages: 27-31
ISSN: 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
1945-7197
DOI: 10.1210/jcem-64-1-27
OpenAlex: W2035261481
Cited by: 554
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 11.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: School of Medicine, Stanford University
Claude Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine
National Institute on Aging (AG 01435)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (5F32HD-01/02)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords: plasma oxytocin, human sexual response, sexual arousal, orgasm, ejaculation, self-stimulation, smooth muscle contraction, reproductive system, sex differences
MeSH terms: Adult, Ejaculation, Electromyography, Female, Humans, Male, Muscle Contraction, Muscle, Smooth, Orgasm, Oxytocin, Pelvis, Pulse, Radioimmunoassay, Regional Blood Flow

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Plasma oxytocin increases in the human sexual response

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