The DOI matches its Crossref record; 101 of the 107 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neural circuits mediating stress
Abstract
Stress has been linked to the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of mood and anxiety disorders. Over the past few years, our understanding of the brain and neuroendocrine circuits that are linked to the stress response have increased dramatically. This article reviews a series of animal and human studies aimed at understanding what are the pathways by which stress is perceived, processed, and transduced into a neuroendocrine response. We focus on the classic stress circuit: the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (LHPA) axis. These studies indicate that the LHPA stress circuit is a complex system with multiple control mechanisms and that these mechanisms are altered in pathological states, such as chronic stress and depression. These studies also suggest that the interactions between the LHPA and other neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, may provide the neurobiological substrate by which stress may affect mood.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Acute stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, leading to release of glucocorticoids such as cortisol (Lopez et al, 1999;Chrousos et al, 2009), and the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system (SAM), leading to secretion of catecholamines (Lopez et al, 1999;Chrousos et al, 2009).”
From Acute stress increases circulating anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines in healthy humans (2012) · cites this paper as Lopez et al, 1999
Citations
Cites
A Syndrome produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents
Selye, H. (1936) · Nature · doi:10.1038/138032a0 · Cited by 3,967
Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease
de Kloet, E. R., Vreugdenhil, E., Oitzl, M. S., & Joëls, M. (1998) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.19.3.0331 · Cited by 2,614
Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: Microdistribution and differential occupation
REUL, J. M. H. M., & KLOET, E. R. D. (1985) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-117-6-2505 · Cited by 2,580
THE GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME AND THE DISEASES OF ADAPTATION1
Selye, H. (1946) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-6-2-117 · Cited by 2,296
Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical axis
Herman, J. P., & Cullinan, W. E. (1997) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(96)10069-2 · Cited by 2,270
Pazos, Á., & Palacios, J. M. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90856-x · Cited by 1,855
Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder
(1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.8.999 · Cited by 1,848
Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey
KESSLER, R. C., DAVIS, C. G., & KENDLER, K. S. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797005588 · Cited by 1,298
Corticosteroid inhibition of acth secretion
KELLER-WOOD, M. E., & DALLMAN, M. F. (1984) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-5-1-1 · Cited by 1,219
Pattern and time course of immediate early gene expression in rat brain following acute stress
Cullinan, W. E., Herman, J. P., Battaglia, D. F., Akil, H., & Watson, S. J. (1995) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(94)00355-9 · Cited by 1,056
Self-citationAntidepressants and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Regulation
HOLSBOER, F., & Barden, N. (1996) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-17-2-187 · Cited by 860
Fear and the brain: where have we been, and where are we going?
LeDoux, J. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00282-0 · Cited by 782
López, J. F., Chalmers, D. T., Little, K. Y., & Watson, S. J. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00484-8 · Cited by 700
Self-citationSerotonin receptors in the human brain—III. Autoradiographic mapping of serotonin-1 receptors
Pazos, Á., Probst, A., & Palacios, J. M. (1987) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(87)90326-5 · Cited by 684
Raadsheer, F. C., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Stam, F. C., Tilders, F. J. H., & Swaab, D. F. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000126778 · Cited by 667
Regulation of ACTH Secretion: Variations on a Theme of B
DALLMAN, M. F., AKANA, S. F., CASCIO, C. S., DARLINGTON, D. N., JACOBSON, L., & LEVIN, N. (1987) · Proceedings of the 1986 Laurentian Hormone Conference · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-571143-2.50010-1 · Cited by 655
Textbook of psychopharmacology
Edwards, G. (1975) · Nature · doi:10.1038/258648b0 · Cited by 583
Psychiatric Sequelae of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Women
Breslau, N. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830130087016 · Cited by 566
Anatomy of the Serotonergic Systema
Törk, I. (1990) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb16870.x · Cited by 557
Stress-restress: Effects on ACTH and fast feedback
Liberzon, I., Krstov, M., & Young, E. A. (1997) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(97)00044-9 · Cited by 556
Reduced Corticotropin Releasing Factor Binding Sites in the Frontal Cortex of Suicide Victims
Nemeroff, C. B. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800300075009 · Cited by 555
(1996) · PubMed · Cited by 547
Are different parts of the extended amygdala involved in fear versus anxiety?
Davis, M. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00288-1 · Cited by 545
Cullinan, W. E., Herman, J. P., & Watson, S. J. (1993) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903320102 · Cited by 541
Self-citationFuxé, K., Wikström, A., Okret, S., Agnati, L. F., Härfstrand, A., Yu, Z., Granholm, L., Zoli, M., Vale, W., & Gustafsson, J.-Α. (1985) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-117-5-1803 · Cited by 507
Herman, J. P., Schafer, M., Young, E. A., Thompson, R. C., DOUGLASS, J. O., Akil, H., & Watson, S. J. (1989) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.09-09-03072.1989 · Cited by 467
Self-citationHerman, J. P., Adams, D., & Prewitt, C. M. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000126839 · Cited by 462
Arango, V., Underwood, M. D., Gubbi, A., & Mann, J. J. (1995) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00523-s · Cited by 458
Raadsheer, F. C., van Heerikhuize, J. J., Lucassen, P. J., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Tilders, F. J. H., & Swaab, D. F. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.9.1372 · Cited by 417
Corticotrophin-releasing factor receptors: from molecular biology to drug design
Chalmers, D. T., Lovenberg, T. W., Grigoriadis, D. E., Behan, D. P., & Souza, E. B. D. (1996) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0165-6147(96)81594-x · Cited by 398
Childhood Parental Loss and Adult Psychopathology in Women
Kendler, K. S. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820020029004 · Cited by 394
The Neurobiology of Depression
Nemeroff, C. B. (1998) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0698-42 · Cited by 381
KENDLER, K. S., KARKOWSKI, L. M., & PRESCOTT, C. A. (1998) · The Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199811000-00001 · Cited by 380
Neuronal Circuit Regulation of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Stress Axis
Herman, J. P., Prewitt, C. M.-F., & Cullinan, W. E. (1996) · Critical Reviews in Neurobiology · doi:10.1615/critrevneurobiol.v10.i3-4.50 · Cited by 357
Serotonin receptors in the human brain—IV. Autoradiographic mapping of serotonin-2 receptors
Pazos, A., Probst, A., & Palacios, J. M. (1987) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(87)90327-7 · Cited by 355
Selye, H. (1956) · PubMed · Cited by 341
Brady, L. S., Whitfield, H. J., Fox, R. J., Gold, P. W., & Herkenham, M. A. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci115086 · Cited by 338
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a review of efficacy and tolerability in depression
Mace, S., & Taylor, D. M. (2000) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.1.5.917 · Cited by 315
WEBSTER, E. L., Lewis, D. B., Torpy, D. J., Zachman, E. K., Rice, K. C., & Chrousos, G. P. (1996) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.137.12.8940412 · Cited by 311
Liberzon, López, Flagel, Vázquez, & Young (1999) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00288.x · Cited by 308
Loss of Glucocorticoid Fast Feedback in Depression
Young, E. A. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810320017003 · Cited by 299
Amygdaloid CRF Pathways: Role in Autonomic, Neuroendocrine, and Behavioral Responses to Stress
Gray, T. S. (1993) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb49922.x · Cited by 288
Serotonin receptor binding in a colony model of chronic social stress
McKittrick, C. R., Blanchard, D. C., Blanchard, R. J., McEwen, B. S., & Sakai, R. R. (1995) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)00152-s · Cited by 281
Deutch, A. Y., & Charney, D. S. (1996) · Critical Reviews in Neurobiology · doi:10.1615/critrevneurobiol.v10.i3-4.70 · Cited by 259
Effects of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor on Brain Serotonergic Activity
Price, M. L., Curtis, A., Kirby, L., Valentino, R., & Lucki, I. (1998) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(97)00197-8 · Cited by 240
Li, H.-Y., Ericsson, A. B., & Sawchenko, P. E. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.6.2359 · Cited by 235
Herman, J. P., Cullinan, W. E., & Watson, S. J. (1994) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1994.tb00604.x · Cited by 235
Self-citationCampeau, S., & Watson, S. J. (1997) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1997.00593.x · Cited by 227
Self-citationStress: Neurobiology and neuroendocrinology
Wolf, S. (1992) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(92)90218-a · Cited by 222
Swanson, L. W., Sawchenko, P. E., & Lind, R. W. (1986) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60238-1 · Cited by 220
Brain circuits in panic disorder
Coplan, J. D., & Lydiard, R. B. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00300-x · Cited by 195
Walaas, I., & Fonnum, F. (1980) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(80)90088-3 · Cited by 190
Serotonergic Stimulation of Pituitary-Adrenocortical Function in Rats
Fuller, R. W. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000123142 · Cited by 187
Stress: Neurobiology and Neuroendocrinology
Brown, M. R., Koob, G. F., & RIVIER, C. L. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 185
The involvement of serotonin in regulation of pituitary-adrenocortical function.
Rw, F. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 181
Textbook of Psychopharmacology
(1995) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0895-834 · Cited by 178
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
Taylor, A. L., & Fishman, L. M. (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198807283190405 · Cited by 175
Life events and affective disorder: replications and limitations.
Brown, G. W. (1993) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199305000-00003 · Cited by 175
Frontiers in neuroendocrinology
(1986) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0016-6480(86)90174-7 · Cited by 173
Linthorst, A. C. E., Flachskamm, C., Hopkins, S. J., Hoadley, M. E., Labeur, M. S., Holsboer, F., & Reul, J. M. H. M. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-11-04448.1997 · Cited by 162
Decavel, C., & van den Pol, A. N. (1992) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903160109 · Cited by 145
Herman, J. P., Cullinan, W. E., Young, E. A., Akil, H., & Watson, S. J. (1992) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)91680-d · Cited by 144
Self-citationWaterhouse, B. D., Mihailoff, G. A., Baack, J. C., & Woodward, D. J. (1986) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902490403 · Cited by 136
Life Events and the Research Diagnostic Criteria Endogenous Subtype
Frank, E. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950070011005 · Cited by 135
Vitalis, T., Cases, O., Callebert, J., Launay, J., Price, D. J., Seif, I., & Gaspar, P. (1998) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980406)393:2 · Cited by 131
Increased adrenal weight in victims of violent suicide
Dorovini‐Zis, K., & Zis, A. P. (1987) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.144.9.1214 · Cited by 127
McEwen, B. S., Wallach, G., & Magnus, C. (1974) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(74)90321-7 · Cited by 115
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Mozayani, M. (2011) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-222-9_6 · Cited by 113
Plotsky, P. M., Otto, S., & Sutton, S. W. (1987) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(87)90211-6 · Cited by 111
Postmortem Findings in Suicide Victims. Implications for in Vivo Imaging Studiesa
ARANGO, V., UNDERWOOD, M. D., & MANN, J. J. (1997) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52365.x · Cited by 106
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal System in Depression
Heuser, I. (1998) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/s-2007-979288 · Cited by 106
Raphe Nuclei and the Serotonergic System
Törk, I., & Hornung, J. (1990) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-547625-6.50035-0 · Cited by 104
Regulation of 5‐HT Receptors and the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis
López, J. F., Vázquez, D. M., Chalmers, D. T., & Watson, S. J. (1997) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52357.x · Cited by 102
Self-citationHerman, J. P., Schäfer, M. K.-H., Sladek, C. D., Day, R. W., Young, E. A., Akil, H., & Watson, S. J. (1989) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)90641-0 · Cited by 100
Self-citationLópez, J. F., Palkovits, M., Arató, M., Mansour, A., Akil, H., & Watson, S. J. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000126266 · Cited by 97
Self-citationSocial Factors and Comorbidity of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
Brown, G. W., Harris, T., & Eales, M. J. (1996) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000298413 · Cited by 95
Seckl, J. R., Dickson, K. L., & Fink, G. (1990) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1990.tb00659.x · Cited by 95
Kuroda, Y., Watanabe, Y., Albeck, D. S., Hastings, N. B., & McEwen, B. S. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91916-x · Cited by 93
Fuller, R. W., & Snoddy, H. D. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000125586 · Cited by 91
Biological therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: an overview.
Davidson, J. R. T. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 83
Newman, S. C., & Bland, R. C. (1994) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(94)90173-2 · Cited by 71
Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder
Adshead, G. M. J. (2000) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.177.2.144 · Cited by 70
Regulation of corticosteroid receptor gene expression in depression and antidepressant action.
Barden, N. (1999) · PubMed Central · Cited by 66
Shiomi, H., Watson, S. J., Kelsey, J. E., & Akil, H. (1986) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-119-4-1793 · Cited by 63
Self-citationNew developments in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Leonard, H. L. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 60
Regulation of Hippocampal 5-HT1A Receptor Gene Expression by Dexamethasone
Chalmers, D. T., López, J. F., Vázquez, D. M., Akil, H., & Watson, S. J. (1994) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.1994.24 · Cited by 56
Self-citationFerraguti, F., Zoli, M., Aronsson, M., Agnati, L. F., Goldstein, M., Filer, D., & Fuxé, K. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 56
Hillhouse, E. W., & Milton, N. G. N. (1989) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1220713 · Cited by 54
Inglis, W. L., & Semba, K. (1996) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960422)368:1 · Cited by 49
Clinical Neuropharmacology of Hypothalamic Releasing Factors
Frohman, L. A. (1972) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197206292862606 · Cited by 48
The regulation of ACTH secretion.
Pg, S. (1969) · PubMed · Cited by 46
Pharmacotherapy of Panic Disorder: Proposed Guidelines for the Family Physician
Roy‐Byrne, P., Stein, M. B., Bystrisky, A., & Katon, W. J. (1998) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.11.4.282 · Cited by 44
Brown, E. R., & Sawchenko, P. E. (1997) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1997.00586.x · Cited by 41
Kuroda, Y., Mikuni, M., Nomura, N., & Takahashi, K. (1993) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90706-q · Cited by 39
Pharmacotherapy of panic disorder: differential efficacy from a clinical viewpoint.
den Boer, J. A. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 39
POSSIBLE ROLE OF GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN THE MECHANISM OF DEXAMETHASONE FEEDBACK ACTION
Ács, Z., & Stark, E. (1978) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.0770137 · Cited by 34
[Regulation of ACTH secretion].
Ervin, S. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 30
Pharmacotherapy of Panic Disorder
Judd, F. K., Norman, T. R., & Burrows, G. D. (1990) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540269009026609 · Cited by 13
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
Amano, M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801028-0.00109-4 · Cited by 7
THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENOCORTICAL (HPA) SYSTEM AND ANTI-DEPRESSIVE DRUG (AD) ACTION
Reul, J. M. H. M., Söder, M., & Holsboer, F. (1992) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/00002826-199201001-00303 · Cited by 3
Rs, J., & Lopez, J. F. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 3
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Chalmers, 1993, Molecular aspects of the stress axis and serotonergic function in depression, Clin Neurosci, 1, 122
- Davidson, 1997, Biological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorders, J Clin Psychiatry, 58, 29
- López, 1994, Effect of imipramine administration and swim stress on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, Endocrine, 2, 723
- Nemeroff, 1996, The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) hypothesis of depression, Mol Psychiatry, 1, 336
- Szafarczyk, 1980, Serotonin system and circadian rhythms of ACTH and corticosterone in rats, Am J Physiol, 239, E482
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neurobiology of emotion perception I: the neural basis of normal emotion perception
Phillips, M. L., Drevets, W. C., Rauch, S. L., & Lane, R. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00168-9 · Cited by 2,173
Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research
Hellhammer, D. H., Wüst, S., & Kudielka, B. M. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026 · Cited by 1,925
The cortisol awakening response (CAR): Facts and future directions
Fries, E., Dettenborn, L., & Kirschbaum, C. (2009) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.014 · Cited by 1,188
Investigating emotion with music: An fMRI study
Koelsch, S., Fritz, T., v. Cramon, D. Y., Müller, K., & Friederici, A. D. (2006) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20180 · Cited by 1,037
Meerlo, P., Sgoifo, A., & Suchecki, D. (2008) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.007 · Cited by 948
Metadata
- Authors
- López, J. F., Akil, H., & Watson, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- López, Juan F
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1461-1471
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2092002730
- Cited by
- 373
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k21mh001164-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 42251, P01MH042251, MH-01164)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- stress, neuroendocrine stress response, chronic stress, depression, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, serotonin, perceived stress, neural circuits
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Child, Child Development, Humans, Nerve Net, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review