Fear and the brain: where have we been, and where are we going?
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, there has been an explosion of interest in the neural basis of emotion. Much of this enthusiasm has been triggered by studies of the amygdala and its contribution to fear. This work has shown that the amygdala detects and organizes responses to natural dangers (like predators) and learns about novel threats and the stimuli that predict their occurrence. The latter process has been studied extensively using a procedure called classical fear conditioning. This article surveys the progress that has been made in understanding the neural basis of fear and its implications for anxiety disorders, as well as the gaps in our knowledge.
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The neural circuitry underlying threat and fear-related behaviors in mammals, including the amygdala-hippocampus-medial prefrontal circuit, is among the most well-understood behavioral circuits in neuroscience.
“the neural circuitry underlying threat and fear-related behaviors in mammals, including the amygdala–hippocampus–medial prefrontal circuit, is among the most well-understood behavioral circuits in neuroscience [11–14].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [12]
The amygdala has been found to be critical in regulating anxiety-like behavior.
“Because the amygdala has also been found to be critical in regulating anxiety-like behavior (42, 43), we investigated the effects of NCoR disruption during development on juvenile anxiety-like behavior.”
From The Nuclear Receptor Corepressor Has Organizational Effects within the Developing Amygdala on Juvenile Social Play and Anxiety-Like Behavior (2010) · cites this paper as [42]
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- Authors
- LeDoux, J.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- LeDoux, Joseph
- ORCID
- LeDoux, Joseph
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-12
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1229-1238
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2043348039
- Cited by
- 782
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 3.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k02mh000956-07)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 46516, MH 00956, R01MH046516, MH38774)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- fear, neural basis of emotion, amygdala, classical fear conditioning, threat detection, anxiety disorders, fear learning, threat prediction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Conditioning, Psychological, Fear, Humans, Research
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