The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Background Homicide is an important cause of premature mortality globally, but evidence for the magnitude of homicides by intimate partners is scarce and hampered by the large amount of missing information about the victim-offender relationship. The objective of the study was to estimate global and regional prevalence of intimate partner homicide.Methods A systematic search of five databases (Medline, Global Health, Embase, Social Policy, and Web of Science) yielded 2167 abstracts, and resulted in the inclusion of 118 full-text articles with 1122 estimates of the prevalence of intimate partner homicide after double-blind screening. All studies were included that reported the number or proportion of women or men who were murdered by an intimate partner in a country, province, or town, using an inclusive definition of an intimate partner. Additionally, a survey of official sources of 169 countries provided a further 53 estimates. We selected one estimate per country-year using a quality assessment decision algorithm. The median prevalence of intimate partner homicide was calculated by country and region overall, and for women and men separately.Findings Data were obtained for 66 countries. Overall 13·5% (IQR 9·2-18·2) of homicides were committed by an intimate partner, and this proportion was six times higher for female homicides than for male homicides (38·6%, 30·8-45·3, vs 6·3%, 3·1-6·3). Median percentages for all (male and female) and female intimate partner homicide were highest in high-income countries (all, 14·9%, 9·2-18·2; female homicide, 41·2%, 30·8-44·5) and in southeast Asia (18·8%, 11·3-18·8; 58·8%, 58·8-58·8). Adjustments to account for unknown victim-offender relationships generally increased the prevalence, suggesting that results presented are conservative.Interpretation At least one in seven homicides globally and more than a third of female homicides are perpetrated by an intimate partner. Such violence commonly represents the culmination of a long history of abuse. Strategies to reduce homicide risk include increased investment in intimate partner violence prevention, risk assessments at different points of care, support for women experiencing intimate partner violence, and control of gun ownership for people with a history of violence. Improvements in country-level data collection and monitoring systems are also essential, because data availability and quality varied strongly across regions.Funding WHO, Sigrid Rausing Trust, and the UK Economic and Social Research Council.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The negative effects of parental depression on offspring can include low birth weight, poor school performance, relatively high rates of physical health complications, and depression, anxiety, substance abuse and suicidal behaviour, with substantial, persistent, wide-ranging economic impacts.
“The negative effects can include low birth weight, poor school performance, relatively high rates of physical health complications, and depression, anxiety, substance abuse and suicidal behaviour, with substantial, persistent, wide-ranging economic impacts. 250”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [250]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042 · see citing works
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005 · Cited by 19,575 · see citing works
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M. A., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8 · Cited by 11,805 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…of the global health burden of exposure to intimate partner violence for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factor 2010 study, 15 in this Article we present the fi ndings from a systematic review of published evidence and a survey of 169 national statistical offi ces,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe world report on violence and health
Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L., & Zwi, A. B. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11133-0 · Cited by 9,110 · see citing works
Intimate Partner Homicide: Review and Implications of Research and Policy
Campbell, J. C., Glass, N., Sharps, P. W., Laughon, K., & Bloom, T. (2007) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838007303505 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Self-citationHomicide trends in the United States
Farley, R. (1980) · Demography · doi:10.2307/2061058 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Spousal Homicide Risk and Estrangement
Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1993) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.8.1.3 · Cited by 470 · cited 1× · see citing works
“23,24 This study also draws attention to the scarcity of information about intimate partner homicide in many regions of the world, and the large amount of missing information about the victim–off ender relationship, even in countries with advanced homicide monitoring data systems.”
BackgroundHomicide: A Sourcebook of Social Research
Block, R., Smith, M. D., & Zahn, M. A. (2000) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2654595 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Homicide Trends in the United States
E.Sullivan, L., Rosen, M. S., Schulz, D. M., & Haberfeld, M. R. (2004) · Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement · doi:10.4135/9781412952415.n90 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
WILSON, M. I., & Daly, M. (1992) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01102.x · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Homicide : a sourcebook of social research
Smith, M. D., & Zahn, M. A. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Vigdor, E. R., & Mercy, J. A. (2006) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x06287307 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Intimate Partner Homicide in Chicago Over 29 Years
Block, C., & Christakos, A. (1995) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128795041004008 · Cited by 190 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Maps were constructed with ARCGIS version 10.”
Johnson, H., & Hotton, T. (2003) · Homicide Studies · doi:10.1177/1088767902239243 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Hilton, N., Harris, G., Rice, M., Houghton, R. E., & Eke, A. W. (2008) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10979-007-9088-6 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Intimate Partner Femicide in South Africa in 1999 and 2009
Abrahams, N., Mathews, S., Martin, L. J., Lombard, C. J., & Jewkes, R. K. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001412 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationColeman, K., Jansson, K., Kaiza, P., & Reed, E. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e422512008-001 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Brief spousal assault form for the evaluation of risk (B-SAFER). User manual.
Kropp, P. R., Hart, S. D., & Belfrage, H. (2005) · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Surveillance for homicide among intimate partners--United States, 1981-1998.
Paulozzi, L. J., Saltzman, L. E., Thompson, M. P., & Holmgreen, P. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Murphy, C. M., & Ting, L. A. (2010) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/1946-6560.1.1.26 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“He Killed My Mommy!” Murder or Attempted Murder of a Child's Mother
Lewandowski, L., McFARLANE, J. M., Campbell, J. C., GARY, F. A., & Barenski, C. (2004) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1023/b:jofv.0000032631.36582.23 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal Burden of Armed Violence: Lethal Encounters
Declaration, G. (2011) · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Patterns in Intimate Partner Homicide
Riedel, M., & Best, J. (1998) · Homicide Studies · doi:10.1177/1088767998002003010 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Regoeczi, W. C., & Riedel, M. (2003) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1023/a:1023002220545 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Cross-National Evidence on Homicide and the Age Structure of the Population
Gartner, R., & Parker, R. N. (1990) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/69.2.351 · Cited by 59 · cited 1× · see citing works
“2,3 However, women and men are also at risk of being murdered by their intimate partners.”
BackgroundClinical assessment of dangerousness : empirical contributions
Pinard, G., & Pagani, L. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511500015 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Social Distribution of Femicide in Urban Canada, 1921–1988
Gartner, R., & McCarthy, B. (1991) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3053800 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Who Died? The Murder of Collaterals Related to Intimate Partner Conflict
Dobash, R. P., & Dobash, R. E. (2012) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801212453984 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cross-National Evidence on Homicide and the Age Structure of the Population
Gartner, R., & Parker, R. N. (1990) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2579663 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Clinical Assessment of Dangerousness: Empirical Contributions
Simon, R. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.14.1768 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Margo Wilson’s Contributions to the Chicago Homicide Dataset
Block, C. R., & Block, R. (2012) · Homicide Studies · doi:10.1177/1088767912461142 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“9,10 Previous eff orts to provide an overview of the magnitude of intimate partner homicide worldwide 1,11–14 have been limited, because they have focused exclusively on female intimate partner homicides and solely used reported data from national statistical offi ces, without considering the…”
BackgroundKaplan, T. (1998) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1998.00479.x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Global Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women
Devries, K. M., Mak, J., Garcia‐Moreno, C., Petzold, M., Child, J. C., Falder, G., Lim, S. S., Bacchus, L., Engell, R. E., Rosenfeld, L. C., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1240937 · Cited by 1,485 · see citing works
Self-citationSardinha, L., Maheu-Giroux, M., Stöckl, H., Meyer, S. R., & García-Moreno, C. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02664-7 · Cited by 1,328 · see citing works
Self-citationTime for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission
Herrman, H., Patel, V., Kieling, C., Berk, M., Buchweitz, C., Cuijpers, P., Furukawa, T. A., Kessler, R. C., Kohrt, B. A., Maj, M., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02141-3 · Cited by 1,104 · see citing works
Jewkes, R., Flood, M., & Lang, J. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61683-4 · Cited by 905 · see citing works
Prevention of violence against women and girls: what does the evidence say?
Ellsberg, M. C., Arango, D. J., Morton, M., Gennari, F., Kiplesund, S., Contreras, M., & Watts, C. H. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61703-7 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Self-citationDevries, K. M., Child, J. C., Bacchus, L. J., Mak, J., Falder, G., Graham, K., Watts, C., & Heise, L. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12393 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
“In severe instances it can also lead to intimate femicide [13–15].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAbramsky, T., Devries, K., Kiss, L., Nakuti, J., Kyegombe, N., Starmann, E., Cundill, B., Francisco, L., Kaye, D., Musuya, T., et al. (2014) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0122-5 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Addressing violence against women: a call to action
García‐Moreno, C., Zimmerman, C., Morris-Gehring, A., Heise, L., Amin, A., Abrahams, N., Montoya, O., Bhate‐Deosthali, P., Kilonzo, N., & Watts, C. H. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61830-4 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Self-citationViolence against women and mental health
Oram, S., Khalifeh, H., & Howard, L. M. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30261-9 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Stubbs, A., & Szoeke, C. (2022) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020985541 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
“Four studies reported on weight issues among abused women (Bosch et al., 2017; Mason et al., 2017; Stene et al., 2013; Stockl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialStöckl, H., March, L., Pallitto, C., & García‐Moreno, C. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-751 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Self-citationSpencer, C. M., & Stith, S. (2018) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838018781101 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
“When examining gender differences in global IPH victimization, approximately 38.6% of homicides committed against women and 6.3% of homicides committed against men are committed by an intimate partner (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialIsolamento social e o aumento da violência doméstica: o que isso nos revela?
Vieira, P. R., García, L. P., & Maciel, E. L. N. (2020) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/1980-549720200033 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Women’s mental health: acute impact of COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence
Sediri, S., Zgueb, Y., Ouanes, S., Ouali, U., Bourgou, S., Jomli, R., & Nacef, F. (2020) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-020-01082-4 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
“The intimate partner was responsible for 40% of the cases of femicide in the world (Stöckl et al. 2013).”
BackgroundFreed, D., Palmer, J., Minchala, D. E., Levy, K. E. C., Ristenpart, T., & Dell, N. L. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3174241 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
“IPV is a prevalent global problem that affects millions of people worldwide [11,44] with recent reports suggesting that one in three women and one in six men experience IPV at some point in their lives [40].”
BackgroundIntimate partner violence against women and the Nordic paradox
Gracia, E., & Merlo, J. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.040 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Hidrobo, M., Peterman, A., & Heise, L. (2016) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20150048 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“With one in three women experiencing lifetime IPV globally, and one in three female homicides perpetrated by an intimate partner, it is essential to better understand how wealth and economic development contribute to declines in prevalence (Stöckl et al. 2013; WHO 2013).”
Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence: an overview
McTavish, J. R., MacGregor, J. C. D., Wathen, C. N., & MacMillan, H. L. (2016) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2016.1205001 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Decker, M. R., Peitzmeier, S. M., Olumide, A. O., Acharya, R., Ojengbede, O. A., Covarrubias, L., Gao, E., Cheng, Y., Delany‐Moretlwe, S., & Brahmbhatt, H. (2014) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.022 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“For example, a recent global review found that intimate partners are responsible for more than 35% of women’s homicides, relative to 6% of men’s [13].”
BackgroundGender-Based Violence Against Adolescent and Young Adult Women in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Decker, M. R., Latimore, A. D., Yasutake, S., Haviland, M. J., Ahmed, S., Blum, R. W., Sonenstein, F. L., & Astone, N. M. (2015) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.003 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
McCloskey, L. A., Boonzaier, F. A., Steinbrenner, S. Y., & Hunter, T. (2016) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/1946-6560.7.3.277 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“In a large-scale study of homicide records in several African countries, husbands or partners were responsible for 44.8% of all homicides against women with only 4.4% of homicides against men being committed by women partners (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Socioecological Perspective on Intimate Partner Violence Research: A Decade in Review
Hardesty, J. L., & Ogolsky, B. G. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12652 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Theories of femicide and their significance for social research
Corradi, C., Servós, C. M., Boira, S., & Weil, S. (2016) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392115622256 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“However, a different group refers to ‘intimate partner homicide’, generally implying that this is a special sub-set of the more general field of homicide studies (Campbell et al., 2007; Corradi and Stöckl, 2014; Dugan et al., 2003; Stöckl et al., 2013; WeizmannHenelius et al., 2012).”
BackgroundKapiga, S., Harvey, S., Muhammad, A. K., Stöckl, H., Mshana, G., Hashim, R., Hansen, C., Lees, S., & Watts, C. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4119-9 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“Globally, it is estimated that about 30% of women will experience physical and/or sexual violence from an intimate partner during their lifetime [1], and that one in three homicides among women are by an intimate partner [2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTraining healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women
Kalra, N., Hooker, L., Reisenhofer, S., Tanna, G. L. D., & Garcia‐Moreno, C. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012423.pub2 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Intimate partner homicide: A meta-analysis of risk factors
Matias, A., Gonçalves, M., Soeiro, C., & Matos, M. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2019.101358 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Murray, L. K., Kane, J. C., Glass, N., Skavenski van Wyk, S., Melendez, F., Paul, R., Kmett Danielson, C., Murray, S. M., Mayeya, J., Simenda, F., et al. (2020) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003056 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The Longitudinal Impact of an Internet Safety Decision Aid for Abused Women
Glass, N. E., Perrin, N. A., Hanson, G. C., Bloom, T. L., Messing, J. T., Clough, A. S., Campbell, J. C., Gielen, A. C., Case, J., & Eden, K. B. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.12.014 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationHall, M., Chappell, L. C., Parnell, B., Seed, P. T., & Bewley, S. (2014) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001581 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Increased homicide [5,11,12] and suicide are found among individuals experiencing IPV [5,13].”
BackgroundHeat wave and the risk of intimate partner violence
Sanz‐Barbero, B., Linares, C., Vives‐Cases, C., González, J. L., López‐Ossorio, J. J., & Díaz, J. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.368 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Intimate Femicide: The Role of Coercive Control
Johnson, H., Eriksson, L., Mazerolle, P., & Wortley, R. (2017) · Feminist Criminology · doi:10.1177/1557085117701574 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“In a systematic global review, Stockl, Devries, Rotstein, et al. (2013) estimated that 13.5 percent of all homicides worldwide are committed by intimate partners and that these killings are gendered: partners are responsible for almost 40 percent of homicides involving female victims compared with…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe psychobiology of stress and intimate partner violence
Yim, I. S., & Kofman, Y. B. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.017 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Tsai, A. C., Tomlinson, M., Comulada, W. S., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2016) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001943 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Hossain, M., Zimmerman, C., Kiss, L., Abramsky, T., Kone, D., Bakayoko-Topolska, M., Annan, J., Lehmann, H., & Watts, C. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-339 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationGraham, L. M., Sahay, K. M., Rizo, C., Messing, J., & Macy, R. J. (2021) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838018821952 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
An Integrated Public Health Approach to Interpersonal Violence and Suicide Prevention and Response
Decker, M. R., Wilcox, H. C., Holliday, C. N., & Webster, D. W. (2018) · Public Health Reports® · doi:10.1177/0033354918800019 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Women’s experiences of nonfatal intimate partner violence and sexual violence are distinct from men’s experiences in their severity, complexity, and health and social impact.(7,28,32) Gender differences also exist for suicide.”
BackgroundRuddle, A., Pina, A., & Vasquez, E. A. (2017) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.016 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Stöckl, H., Hassan, A., Ranganathan, M., & Hatcher, A. M. (2021) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-021-01363-9 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Worldwide, an estimated one in three women has experienced physical and/or sexual IPV or nonpartner sexual violence in their lifetime and every third murdered woman is killed by an intimate partner [2, 3].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAttitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in the European Union: A Systematic Review
Gracia, E., Lila, M., & Santirso, F. A. (2020) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000392 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Interpersonal Violence: Global Impact and Paths to Prevention
Mercy, J. A., Hillis, S. D., Butchart, A., Bellis, M. A., Ward, C. L., Fang, X., & Rosenberg, M. L. (2017) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0522-6_ch5 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Pichon, M., Treves-Kagan, S., Stern, E. A., Kyegombe, N., Stöckl, H., & Buller, A. M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165682 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“IPV can lead to a wide-range of negative health impacts including depression, alcohol use disorder, low-birth rate, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), injury and death [2], with over a third of female homicides perpetrated by an intimate partner [3].”
BackgroundSelf-citationOzaki, R., & Otis, M. D. (2016) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801216654575 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Furthermore, in a systematic review of studies conducted in 66 countries, intimate partner homicide victimization rates for women were 6 times higher than rates for men (38.6 vs. 6.3%; Stöckl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialBarufaldi, L. A., Souto, R. M. C. V., Correia, R. S. D. B., Montenegro, M. D. M. S., Pinto, I. V., da Silva, M. M. A., & de Lima, C. M. (2017) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232017229.12712017 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The Murder Epidemic: A Global Comparative Study
Asongu, S. A., & Acha-Anyi, P. N. (2018) · International Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/1057567718759584 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“…the impact of homicides and economics on social and human biology (Bourne et al., 2015); a systematic review of the intimate partner homicide (Stöckl et al., 2013); international cross-national perspectives on violence and homicides (Cole & Gramajo, 2009; Ouimet & Montmagny-Grenier, 2014);…”
BackgroundRisk of Cardiometabolic Disease and All‐Cause Mortality in Female Survivors of Domestic Abuse
Chandan, J. S., Thomas, T. R., Bradbury‐Jones, C., Taylor, J. S., Bandyopadhyay, S., & Nirantharakumar, K. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.014580 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Deuba, K., Mainali, A., Alvesson, H., & Karki, D. (2016) · BMC Women's Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-016-0293-7 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“A systematic review of data from 66 countries found that more than 35 % of female homicide is perpetrated by an intimate partner [5].”
BackgroundA Systematic Review of the Epidemiology of Nonfatal Strangulation, a Human Rights and Health Concern
Sorenson, S. B., Joshi, M., & Sivitz, E. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302191 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Male Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Homicide: A Review and Proposed Typology.
Kivisto, A. J. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Martín-Fernández, M., Gracia, E., & Lila, M. (2018) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2018a18 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“…against women (IPVAW) is the most common form of violence suffered by women (Devries et al., 2013; Garcia-Moreno, Jansen, Ellsberg, Heise, & Watts, 2006; Stockl et al., 2013) and constitutes a serious public health problem of global proportions (Ali & Naylor, 2013; World Health Organization -”
BackgroundKyegombe, N., Starmann, E., Devries, K. M., Michau, L., Nakuti, J., Musuya, T., Watts, C., & Heise, L. (2014) · Global Health Action · doi:10.3402/gha.v7.25082 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationWood, S. N., Glass, N. E., & Decker, M. R. (2019) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838018823270 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“This review is limited to females, as global homicide data demonstrate that women’s risk of homicide by an intimate partner is 6-fold that of men’s (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialCorradi, C., & Stöckl, H. (2014) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/1477370814539438 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationMessing, J. T., Campbell, J. C., Wilson, J. S., Brown, S., & Patchell, B. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515585540 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“…developed and tested primarily in the United States and Canada, there is increasing international attention to the use of IPV risk assessment (e.g., Stockl et al., 2013) and risk assessments, such as the Severe Intimate Violence Partner Risk Prediction Scale (SIVIPAS), have been developed…”
BackgroundSelf-citationChildren’s Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence
MacMillan, H. L., & Wathen, C. N. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2013.12.008 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Anderson, E. J., Krause, K. C., Krause, C. M., Welter, A., McClelland, D. J., Garcia, D. O., Ernst, K. C., Lopez, E. C., & Koss, M. P. (2019) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838019888889 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“IPV exposure is also a significant predictor of women’s mortality and is associated with more than a third of global homicides with female victims—6 times higher than for male homicide victims (Campbell, Glass, Sharps, Laughon, & Bloom, 2007; Stöckl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundPérez, V. A. F., & Fiol, E. B. (2019) · Anuario de Psicología Jurídica · doi:10.5093/apj2019a3 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Kyegombe, N., Abramsky, T., Devries, K. M., Starmann, E., Michau, L., Nakuti, J., Musuya, T., Heise, L., & Watts, C. (2014) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.7448/ias.17.1.19232 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationStellar, C., Garcia-Moreno, C., Temmerman, M., & van der Poel, S. (2016) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.08.012 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Globally, it is estimated that current or former intimate partners are responsible for more than one-third to one-half of all homicides of women [24].”
BackgroundWeil, S. (2016) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392115623602 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Notwithstanding, in the past couple of years, scholars have begun to coordinate comparative cross-national surveys of femicide based on available data (e.g. Corradi and Stöckl, 2014; Stamatel, 2014; Stöckl et al., 2013), and other comparative studies are in the making.”
BackgroundTrends in rates and characteristics of intimate partner homicides between 1990 and 2013
Caman, S., Kristiansson, M., Granath, S., & Sturup, J. (2017) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.01.002 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Intimate partner violence, HIV, and mental health: a triple epidemic of global proportions
Mitchell, J., Wight, M., van Heerden, A. C., & Rochat, T. (2016) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2016.1217829 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Common health consequences of IPV include: acute injuries (Sheridan & Nash, 2007), chronic diseases (Campbell, 2002), gynaecological problems (McCauley et al., 1995), and homicide (Stockl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAmbient temperature and intentional homicide: A multi-city case-crossover study in the US
Xu, R., Xiong, X., Abramson, M. J., Li, S., & Guo, Y. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105992 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“A potential example of such homicides is intimate partner homicide which accounts for about 15% of all homicides worldwide (Stockl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInterventions to Prevent or Reduce Violence Against Women and Girls : A Systematic Review of Reviews
Arango, D. J., Morton, M., Gennari, F., Kiplesund, S., & Ellsberg, M. (2014) · doi:10.1596/21035 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Lila, M., Martín-Fernández, M., Gracia, E., López‐Ossorio, J. J., & González, J. L. (2019) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2019a19 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“…de pareja Reincidencia Predictores 158 M. Lila et al. / Psychosocial Intervention (2019) 28(3) 157-167 Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is a social and public health problem worldwide (Devries et al., 2013; GarcíaMoreno, Jansen, Ellsberg, Heise, & Watts, 2006; Stöckl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMannell, J., Lowe, H., Brown, L. J., Mukerji, R., Devakumar, D., Gram, L., Jansen, H. A. F. M., Minckas, N., Osrin, D., Prost, A., et al. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007704 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Messing, J., Campbell, J., & Snider, C. (2017) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.13459 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Worldwide, murder by an intimate partner is the largest homicide risk for women; a conservative global estimate is that 38.6% of women killed are murdered by an intimate partner (St€ockl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAlisic, E., Krishna, R. N., Groot, A., & Frederick, J. (2015) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-015-0193-7 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“At least one in seven of these homicides are perpetrated by an intimate partner (Stöckl et al. 2013).”
BackgroundEnrique Gracia, A., López‐Quílez, A., Marco, M., & Lila, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198684 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Femicide in Turkey between 2000 and 2010
Toprak, S., & Ersoy, G. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182409 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Wilson, I. M., Graham, K., & Taft, A. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12405 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Moreover, of homicide victims, the proportion of women killed by an intimate partner is six times higher than for men [2].”
BackgroundNesset, M., Lara-Cabrera, M., Dalsbø, T., Pedersen, S. A., Bjørngaard, J., & Palmstierna, T. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2010-1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Intimate Partner Violence Risk Assessment: A Primer for Social Workers
Messing, J., & Thaller, J. (2015) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcu012 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“55 per cent of women killed are murdered by an intimate partner (Stöckl et al., 2013), and IPV is the single largest risk factor for intimate partner femicide (Campbell et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialGarcía, L. P., & da Silva, G. D. M. (2018) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00062317 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Gender-Based Violence against Women in South Africa : A Call for Action
Enaifoghe, A., Dlelana, M., Durokifa, A. A., & Dlamini, N. P. (2021) · African Journal of Gender Society and Development (formerly Journal of Gender Information and Development in Africa) · doi:10.31920/2634-3622/2021/v10n1a6 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Evidence of Gender Asymmetry in Intimate Partner Violence Experience at the Population-Level
Fanslow, J., Mellar, B. M., Gulliver, P. J., & McIntosh, T. K. D. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231163646 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“5% of homicides were committed by an intimate partner or ex-partner, with proportions six times greater for women than men (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialGracia, E., Martín-Fernández, M., Marco, M., Santirso, F. A., Vargas, V., & Lila, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01146 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Masculinity and Spousal Violence: Discursive Accounts of Husbands Who Abuse Their Wives in Ghana
Adjei, S. B. (2015) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-015-9781-z · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“6 % of all femicidal killings worldwide occur in intimate relationships (Stöckl et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialExposure to family violence from childhood to adulthood
Shields, M. E., Tonmyr, L., Hovdestad, W., González, A., & MacMillan, H. L. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09709-y · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Female employment and intimate partner violence: Evidence from Syrian Refugee inflows to Turkey
Erten, B., & Keskin, P. (2021) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102607 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“1While domestic violence is considered the primary cause of homicide deaths for women in both developed and developing countries (Stöckl et al. 2013), even less extreme forms of violence may have crucial health consequences (WorldHealthOrganization 2013).”
BackgroundThe Role of Intimate Partner Violence in Homicides of Children Aged 2-14 Years.
Adhia, A., Austin, S. B., Fitzmaurice, G., & Hemenway, D. (2019) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.08.028 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Decker, M. R., Bevilacqua, K., Wood, S. N., Wamue-Ngare, G., Thiongo, M. N., Byrne, M. E., Williams, A., Devoto, B., Glass, N. E., Heise, L., et al. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007807 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Enrique Gracia, A., Rodriguez, C. M., & Lila, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01567 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“For example, the main risk of homicide for a woman is from an intimate partner (primarilymen), with the proportion of women killed by a partner six times the proportion of men killed by female partners (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialCaman, S., Howner, K., Kristiansson, M., & Sturup, J. (2016) · International Journal of Forensic Mental Health · doi:10.1080/14999013.2015.1134723 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“…of IPH victims are female (Campbell, Glass, Sharps, Laughon, & Bloom, 2007; Cooper & Smith, 2011; Corradi & St€ockl, 2014; Serran & Firestone, 2004; St€ockl et al., 2013); however, when females do commit homicide, they are more likely to perpetrate against an intimate partner (Block & Christakos,…”
BackgroundInfluentialSabri, B., Campbell, J., & Messing, J. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518792249 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…are consistent with numerous studies that suggest that women are at greater risk for being killed by an intimate partner and represent an important population for prevention efforts (Campbell et al., 2007; Puzone, Saltzman, Kresnow, Thompson & Mercy, 2000; Sabri et al., 2016; Stockl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationMartín-Fernández, M., Gracia, E., Marco, M., Vargas, V., Santirso, F. A., & Lila, M. (2018) · The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context · doi:10.5093/ejpalc2018a3 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Adult femicide victims in forensic autopsy in Taiwan: A 10-year retrospective study
Fong, W.-L., Pan, C., Jc, L., Lee, T.-T., & Hwa, H. (2016) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.008 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
COVID-19, Intimate Partner Violence, and Communication Ecologies
Cannon, C. E. B., Ferreira, R. J., Buttell, F., & First, J. M. (2021) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764221992826 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Racial Disparities in Pregnancy-associated Intimate Partner Homicide
Kivisto, A. J., Mills, S., & Elwood, L. S. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260521990831 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Ler, P., Sivakami, M., & Monárrez‐Espino, J. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517710484 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Besides the resultant morbidities associated with IPV, existing data indicated IPV as the leading cause of female homicides worldwide (Stöckl et al., 2013; UNODC, 2011), thus underscoring IPV’s role as a direct cause of mortality.”
BackgroundTol, W. A., Murray, S. M., Lund, C., Bolton, P., Murray, L. K., Davies, T., Haushofer, J., Orkin, K., Witte, M., Salama, L., et al. (2019) · BMC Women's Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-019-0728-z · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Consequences of IPV include physical, reproductive, and mental health issues [3 – 5] and in severe cases, the resulting injuries can be fatal [6].”
BackgroundMathews, S., Jewkes, R. K., & Abrahams, N. (2014) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azu076 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationMachado, D. B., Rodrigues, L. C., Rasella, D., Barreto, M. L., & Araya, R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208925 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Explanatory Theories of Intimate Partner Homicide Perpetration: A Systematic Review
Graham, L. M., Macy, R. J., Rizo, C. F., & Martin, S. L. (2020) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020953800 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Keywords intimate partner violence, intimate partner homicide, domestic homicide, theory, conceptual framework, social ecological model Worldwide, one in three female homicide victims is killed by a current or former intimate partner (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundViolence Against Women as a Global Public Health Issue
Stöckl, H., & Sorenson, S. B. (2024) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060722-025138 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationDecker, M., Wood, S. N., Hameeduddin, Z., Kennedy, S., Perrin, N., Tallam, C., Akumu, I., Wanjiru, I., Asira, B., Frankel, A., et al. (2020) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002091 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Tsai, A. C., Weiser, S. D., Dilworth, S. E., Shumway, M., & Riley, E. D. (2015) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu350 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Jeffries, S. (2016) · Laws · doi:10.3390/laws5010014 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Coercive Control in the Courtroom: the Legal Abuse Scale (LAS)
Gutowski, E. R., & Goodman, L. A. (2023) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-022-00408-3 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“6% of women homicide victims are murdered by an intimate partner (Stöckl et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAn Exploratory Study of Honor Crimes in the United States
Hayes, B. E., Freilich, J. D., & Chermak, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-016-9801-7 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“…between a third to half of murdered women worldwide have been killed by a current or former intimate partner (Brock 2003; Campbell et al. 2003; Fox 2005; Stöckl et al. 2013), with women six to nine times more likely than men to be killed by someone they know (Brock 2003; Stöckl et al. 2013).”
BackgroundGender inequality and violence against women in Spain, 2006-2014: towards a civilized society
Redding, E. M., Ruiz‐Cantero, M. T., Fernández‐Sáez, J., & Guijarro-Garví, M. (2016) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.07.025 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stöckl, H., Devries, K., Rotstein, A., Abrahams, N., Campbell, J., Watts, C., & Moreno, C. G.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- McMaster University (CA)
- South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- World Health Organization (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Stöckl, Heidi
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 382
- Issue
- 9895
- Pages
- 859-865
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2124952808
- Cited by
- 955
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 12
- FWCI
- 8.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/I003045/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
- Keywords
- intimate partner homicide, intimate partner violence, victim-offender relationship, high-income countries, Southeast Asia, gun control, intimate partner violence prevention
- MeSH terms
- Cause of Death, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Data Collection, Female, Homicide, Humans, Male, Risk, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Spouse Abuse
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
