Neuroscience-driven discovery and development of sleep therapeutics
Abstract
Until recently, neuroscience has given sleep research and discovery of better treatments of sleep disturbances little attention, despite the fact that disturbed sleep has overwhelming impact on human health. Sleep is a complex phenomenon in which specific psychological, electrophysiological, neurochemical, endocrinological, immunological and genetic factors are involved. The brain as both the generator and main object of sleep is obviously of particular interest, which makes a neuroscience-driven view the most promising approach to evaluate clinical implications and applications of sleep research. Polysomnography as the gold standard of sleep research, complemented by brain imaging, neuroendocrine testing, genomics and other laboratory measures can help to create composite biomarkers that allow maximizing the effects of individualized therapies while minimizing adverse effects. Here we review the current state of the neuroscience of sleep, sleep disorders and sleep therapeutics and will give some leads to promote the discovery and development of sleep medicines that are better than those we have today.
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Objective PSG and actigraphy show indicators of disrupted sleep in RA patients compared with healthy controls, including increases in α-EEG intrusion, arousals, sleep stage shifts, sleep fragmentation, and nocturnal wake time.
“Based on objective PSG and actigraphy assessment, various indicators of disrupted sleep have been reported in RA patients compared with healthy control participants, including increases in α-EEG intrusion, arousals, sleep stage shifts, sleep fragmentation, and nocturnal wake time (54, 160, 237, 351, 472).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [160]
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The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease
Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Haack, M. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00010.2018 · Cited by 1,479 · see citing works
ISRUC-Sleep: A comprehensive public dataset for sleep researchers
Khalighi, S., Sousa, T., dos Santos, J. M., & Nunes, U. (2015) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2015.10.013 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
“Therefore, the scoring of sleep stages may be challenging [18].”
BackgroundInfluentialGenzel, L., Kroes, M. C. W., Dresler, M., & Battaglia, F. P. (2013) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.10.002 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural correlates of insight in dreaming and psychosis
Dresler, M., Wehrle, R., Spoormaker, V. I., Steiger, A., Holsboer, F., Czisch, M., & Hobson, J. A. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.06.004 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Z., Zhang, X., Cui, X., Cui, S., Yu, B., Sheng, Z., Li, S., Cao, Q., Huang, Y., Xu, Y.-P., et al. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep09442 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Closed-loop auditory stimulation of sleep slow oscillations: Basic principles and best practices
Esfahani, M. J., Farboud, S., Ngo, H.-V. V., Schneider, J., Weber, F. D., Talamini, L. M., & Dresler, M. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105379 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreased lucid dreaming frequency in narcolepsy
Rak, M., Beitinger, P., Steiger, A., Schredl, M., & Dresler, M. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.4676 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Metzger, M. W., Walser, S. M., Dedic, N., Aprile-Garcia, F., Jakubcakova, V., Adamczyk, M., Webb, K. J., Uhr, M., Refojo, D., Schmidt, M. V., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3487-16.2017 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Since typical sleep abnormalities in depression occur at the beginning of a night’s sleep (Dresler et al., 2014), we analyzed the first sleep cycle.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSleep Pharmacogenetics: Personalized Sleep-Wake Therapy
Holst, S. C., Valomon, A., & Landolt, H. (2015) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103801 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“These compounds promote the inhibitory effect of GABA and have demonstrated efficacy in shortening sleep latency and improving sleep maintenance (70).”
Individual slow-wave morphology is a marker of aging
Ujma, P. P., Simor, P., Steiger, A., Dresler, M., & Bódizs, R. (2019) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.04.002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationAge-related changes in sleep EEG are attenuated in highly intelligent individuals
Pótári, A., Ujma, P. P., Konrad, B. N., Genzel, L., Simor, P., Körmendi, J., Gombos, F., Steiger, A., Dresler, M., & Bódizs, R. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.039 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Ageing is related to increasing sleep disturbances, which in turn show co-morbidities with many psychiatric and neurological diseases – not only as a symptom, but in many cases as a risk factor (Dresler et al., 2014).”
Self-citationLeiser, S. C., Iglesias-Bregna, D., Westrich, L., Pehrson, A. L., & Sánchez, C. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881115592347 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Sleep is essential for normal cognitive function and overall health and is an important consideration in the development of novel therapeutics (Dresler et al., 2014).”
BackgroundBoeselt, T., Koczulla, A. R., Nell, C., Beutel, B., Guenter, K., Cassel, W., Hildebrandt, O., Koehler, U., & Kroenig, J. (2019) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/j.berh.2019.101434 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Straub, R. H., Detert, J., Dziurla, R., Fietze, I., Loeschmann, P.-A., Burmester, G. R., & Buttgereit, F. (2017) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000475714 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy for restless legs syndrome
Ferini‐Strambi, L., & Marelli, S. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2014.908850 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“As for other sleep disorders, new alternative treatments may be suggested from genetic studies [105].”
BackgroundOptimizing the methodology of human sleep and memory research
Németh, D., Gerbier, É., Jan Born, A., Rickard, T. C., Diekelmann, S., Fogel, S. M., Genzel, L., Prehn‐Kristensen, A., Payne, J. D., Dresler, M., et al. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00262-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“For instance, growth hormone peaks in the first half of the night, whereas its concentration is very low in the second half 57 .”
Self-citationRaymond, J. S., Rehn, S., Hoyos, C. M., & Bowen, M. T. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.016 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Adamczyk, M., Gazea, M., Wollweber, B., Holsboer, F., Dresler, M., Steiger, A., & Pawlowski, M. A. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.007 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Previous studies have discovered genetic (Kirchheiner et al., 2004; Uhr et al., 2008) and systemic markers such as quantification of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates as well as measures from neuroimaging, endocrinology and sleep-electroencephalography (EEG) (Dresler et al., 2014; Holsboer, 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAkyol, S., Yıldırım, M., & Alataş, B. (2023) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106768 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
SCHÜSSLER, P., Kluge, M., Gamringer, W., Wetter, T. C., Yassouridis, A., Uhr, M., Rupprecht, R., & Steiger, A. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.09.015 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationZabrecky, G. P., Shahrampour, S., Whitely, C. B., Alizadeh, M., Conklin, C. J., Wintering, N., Doghramji, K., Zhan, T., Mohamed, F. B., Newberg, A. B., et al. (2020) · Sleep Disorders · doi:10.1155/2020/7846914 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Several scholars have recommended the use of neuroimaging techniques to better evaluate therapeutic approaches in sleep disorders [24].”
BackgroundClinical and Experimental Human Sleep-Wake Pharmacogenetics
Landolt, H., Holst, S. C., & Valomon, A. (2018) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2018_175 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sleep neuroimaging: Review and future directions
Pereira, M., Chen, X., Paltarzhytskaya, A., Pacheсo, Y., Muller, N., Bovy, L., Lei, X., Chen, W., Ren, H., Song, C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14462 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Later discoveries identified neurophysiological events within sleep stages such as sleep spindles and slow waves as a marker of non-REM (NREM) sleep, or ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves, traceable in animal models, during REM sleep (for review, see Dresler et al., 2014).”
Self-citationA Transformer-Based Spatial-Temporal Sleep Staging Model Through Raw EEG
Shi, G., Chen, Z., & Zhang, R. (2021) · International Conference on High Performance Big Data and Intelligent Systems (HPBD&IS) · doi:10.1109/hpbdis53214.2021.9658439 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sustained polyphasic sleep restriction abolishes human growth hormone release
Rosenblum, Y., Weber, F. D., Rak, M., Zavecz, Z., Kunath, N., Breitenstein, B., Rasch, B., Zeising, M., Uhr, M., Steiger, A., et al. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad321 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationMelton, L. (2018) · Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology · doi:10.6004/jadpro.2018.9.7.4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hrozanova, M., Firing, K., & Moen, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.618379 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dresler, M., Erlacher, D., Czisch, M., & Spoormaker, V. I. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00052-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationGood Sleep as an Important Pillar for a Healthy Life
Moosavi-Movahedi, F., & Yousefi, R. (2021) · University of Tehran science and humanities series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74326-0_10 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Medikamente zur Behandlung von Schlafstörungen
Steiger, A., Weber, F., & Benkert, O. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-57334-1_5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional connectome gradient predicts clinical symptoms of chronic insomnia disorder
Wu, J., Yang, J., Yuan, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Qin, T., Li, X., Deng, H., & Gong, L. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111120 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chronic Insomnia, Pharmacotherapy and the Cognitive Behavioral Approaches
Nami, M. (2014) · Journal of Sleep Disorders & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2167-0277.1000151 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The different aspects of the complex physiological process of sleep are yet to be understood and despite all so far efforts, sleep remains one of the great mysteries of science [1-3].”
BackgroundBrain Structural Abnormalities in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Relations with Sleeping Problems
Liberzon, I., Wang, X., & Xie, H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7148-0_12 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Personalized Therapy of Neurological Disorders
Jain, K. K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62080-6_11 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gazea, M., Patchev, A. V., Anderzhanova, E. A., Leidmaa, E., Pissioti, A., Flachskamm, C., Almeida, O. F. X., & Kimura, M. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1333-17.2017 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The recognition of an association among sleep, metabolism, and physical and mental health has spurred considerable interest recently (Dresler et al., 2014); however, little is known regarding the mechanisms underpinning these interactions or indeed about where and when they are initiated.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPharmakotherapie von Schlaf-Wach-Störungen
Holst, S. C., Werth, E., & Landolt, H. (2019) · Praxis · doi:10.1024/1661-8157/a003189 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pitfalls in Sleep and Memory Research and How to Avoid Them: A Consensus PaperPreprint
Németh, D., Gerbier, É., Jan Born, A., Rickard, T. C., Albouy, G., Diekelmann, S., Fogel, S. M., Genzel, L., Prehn‐Kristensen, A., Payne, J. D., et al. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0208.v2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“By contrast, cortisol has its daily nadir in the first half of the night and its peak in the second half (Dresler et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOptimizing Methodology of Sleep and Memory Research in HumansPreprint
Németh, D., Gerbier, É., Jan Born, A., Rickard, T. C., Diekelmann, S., Fogel, S. M., Genzel, L., Prehn‐Kristensen, A., Payne, J. D., Dresler, M., et al. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0208.v4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationEfficient Frequent Chronicle Mining Algorithms: Application to Sleep Disorder
Zmezm, H., Luna, J. M., Almeda, E., & Ventura, S. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3357139 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Last but not least, a case study was conducted to analyze and accurately understand frequent bio-physiological changes that occur during sleep on 100 subjects with sleep disorders [9].”
BackgroundMedikamente zur Behandlung von Schlafstörungen
Steiger, A., Weber, F., & Benkert, O. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-67685-1_5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationOrigin of Typical Disease Sequelae
Straub, R. H. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803321-0.00005-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Multifunctionality of Dreaming and the Oblivious Avatar
Dresler, M. (2015) · doi:10.15502/9783958570672 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationMarisch, C., Genzel, L., Steiger, A., & Dresler, M. (2016) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-015-0039-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Ähnlich wurde auf die Rolle schlichten Zufalls als wesentlicher Treiber kreativer Prozesse hingewiesen, da dieser kognitive Elemente in chaotischer Weise aktiviert und miteinander assoziiert und dadurch von Zeit zu Zeit Zufallstreffer landet ([50, 51]; vgl. [11]).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationManagement of Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease
Gálvez-Jiménez, N., Fernandez, H. H., Espay, A. J., & Fox, S. H. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107284210.010 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Medikamente zur Behandlung von Schlafstörungen
Benkert, O., & Hippius, H. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-29810-3_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Medikamente zur Behandlung von Schlafstörungen
Steiger, A., Weber, F., & Benkert, O. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-50333-1_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationManagement of sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease
Calandrella, D., & Albanese, A. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107284210.015 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Melatoninaren eraginkortasuna loezina arintzeko: saio klinikoen berrikusketa sistematikoa
Barreras, A., Rodilla, I., & Mendiguren, A. (2021) · EKAIA Euskal Herriko Unibertsitateko Zientzi eta Teknologi Aldizkaria · doi:10.1387/ekaia.22913 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Medikamente zur Behandlung von Schlafstörungen
Steiger, A., Weber, F., & Benkert, O. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61753-3_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationBedtime Brain State Predicts the Impact of Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation on Sleep and CognitionPreprint
Kiarashi, Y., Berent, J., Motie-Shirazi, M., Li, Q., Stewart, A. X., Saini, P., Grimaldi, D., Reid, K. J., Zee, P. C., Paller, K. A., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.25340010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Personalized Management of Neurological Disorders
Jain, K. K. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2553-7_12
Welche Medikamente gegen Insomnie einsetzen?
Steiger, A. (2021) · DNP - Der Neurologe und Psychiater · doi:10.1007/s15202-021-4745-z
Self-citation(2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803321-0.09996-1
Medikamente zur Behandlung von Schlafstörungen
Benkert, O. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54769-0_5
Sleep/Wake Disorders And Their Treatment
Stahl, S. M. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009241595.010
Sleep Neuroimaging: past research, present challenges and future directionsPreprint
Pereira, M., Chen, X., Muller, N., Bovy, L., Lei, X., Chen, W., Ren, H., Song, C., Lewis, L. D., Dang‐Vu, T. T., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/as7vq
Self-citationFine-Tuning the Methodology of Sleep and Memory Research From a Human Behavioral PerspectivePreprint
Németh, D., Gerbier, É., Jan Born, A., Rickard, T. C., Albouy, G., Diekelmann, S., Fogel, S. M., Genzel, L., Prehn‐Kristensen, A., Payne, J. D., et al. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0208.v3
Self-citationSteiger, A. (2020) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54672-3_138-1
Self-citationSchäffler, A., & Seifert‐Klauss, V. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65517-7_10
Steiger, A. (2025) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65186-5_138
Self-citationMedikamente zur Behandlung von Schlaf-Wach-Störungen
Steiger, A., & Weber, F. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-72452-1_5
Self-citationPrecision Sleep Signatures to Predict Mental Health Outcomes in Youth
Soehner, A. M., McMakin, D. L., Jalbrzikowski, M., & Wallace, M. L. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.07.017
- Authors
- Dresler, M., Spoormaker, V. I., Beitinger, P., Czisch, M., Kimura, M., Steiger, A., & Holsboer, F.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Holsboer, F.
- Venue
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-03
- Volume
- 141
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 300-334
- ISSN
- 0163-7258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2065074889
- Semantic Scholar
- 8f84f6c1b91d3a60af74b2077877bb1add9b2cc1
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 697
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep disorders, polysomnography, neuroimaging, composite biomarker, personalized treatment, adverse effects
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Humans, Neurosciences, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Drug Design, Polysomnography, Biomedical Research, Neuroimaging
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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