CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,363Physical Activity and HealthAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesStress Responses and Cortisol

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 280 of the 280 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress

Salmon, Peter·2001·Clinical Psychology Review
DOI 10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00032-x
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Until recently, claims for the psychological benefits of physical exercise have tended to precede supportive evidence. Acutely, emotional effects of exercise remain confusing, both positive and negative effects being reported. Results of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are more consistent in indicating that aerobic exercise training has antidepressant and anxiolytic effects and protects against harmful consequences of stress. Details of each of these effects remain unclear. Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects have been demonstrated most clearly in subclinical disorder, and clinical applications remain to be exploited. Cross-sectional studies link exercise habits to protection from harmful effects of stress on physical and mental health, but causality is not clear. Nevertheless, the pattern of evidence suggests the theory that exercise training recruits a process which confers enduring resilience to stress. This view allows the effects of exercise to be understood in terms of existing psychobiological knowledge, and it can thereby provide the theoretical base that is needed to guide future research in this area. Clinically, exercise training continues to offer clinical psychologists a vehicle for nonspecific therapeutic social and psychological processes. It also offers a specific psychological treatment that may be particularly effective for patients for whom more conventional psychological interventions are less acceptable.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00032-x

Cites

280 of 280 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 13

  1. Allen, 1987, Naloxone blocking of running-induced mood changes, Annals of Sports Medicine, 3, 190
  2. Bosscher, 1993, Running and mixed physical exercises with depressed psychiatric patients, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 170
  3. Brown, 1991, Staying fit and staying well, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 555, 10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.555 · DOI
  4. Brown, 1986, Stress and well-being in adolescence, Journal of Human Stress, 12, 125
  5. Clingman, 1994, Anxiety reduction in competitive running, Journal of Sport Behavior, 17, 120
  6. Heaps, 1978, Relating physical and psychological fitness, Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 18, 399
  7. Long, 1993, Aerobic conditioning (jogging) and stress inoculation interventions, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 94
  8. O'Brien, 1998, Differences in cardiovascular recovery among healthy young adults with and without a parental history of hypertension, Journal of Psychophysiology, 12, 17
  9. Sacks, 1987, Eating disorders and long-distance running, Integrative Psychiatry, 5, 201
  10. Steptoe, 1993, Exercise and responsivity to mental stress, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 110
  11. Tate, 1995, Varying the intensity of acute exercise, The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 35, 295
  12. Tuson, 1995, Acute exercise and positive affect, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 26, 138
  13. Wankel, 1993, The importance of enjoyment to adherence and psychological benefits form physical activity, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 151

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 1,363

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Salmon, P.
Affiliations
University of Liverpool (GB)
Corresponding author
Salmon, Peter
ORCID
Salmon, Peter
Venue
Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2001-02
Volume
21
Issue
1
Pages
33-61
ISSN
0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00032-x
OpenAlex
W2169340948
Cited by
1,363
References
280
Citations by year
2026: 54 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 61
FWCI
2.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords
physical activity, aerobic exercise training, anxiety, depression, stress sensitivity, stress resilience, antidepressant effects, anxiolytic effects, exercise therapy
MeSH terms
Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Stress, Psychological, Exercise, Treatment Outcome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review