A Randomized Controlled Trial of Progressive Resistance Training in Depressed Elders
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Depression in elderly people may be contributed to by the multiple losses of aging. Exercise has the potential to positively impact many of these losses simultaneously. We tested the hypothesis that progressive resistance training (PRT) would reduce depression while improving physiologic capacity, quality of life, morale, function and self-efficacy without adverse events in an older, significantly depressed population. METHODS: We conducted a 10-week randomized controlled trial of volunteers aged 60 and above with major or minor depression or dysthymia. Subjects were randomized for 10 weeks to either a supervised PRT program three times a week or an attention-control group. RESULTS: A total of 32 subjects aged 60-84, mean age 71.3 +/- 1.2 yr, were randomized and completed the study. No significant adverse events occurred. Median compliance was 95%. PRT significantly reduced all depression measures (Beck Depression Inventory in exercisers 21.3 +/- 1.8 to 9.8 +/- 2.4 versus controls 18.4 +/- 1.7 to 13.8 +/- 2, p = .002; Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression in exercisers 12.3 +/- 0.9 to 5.3 +/- 1.3 versus controls 11.4 +/- 1.0 to 8.9 +/- 1.3, p = .008). Quality of life subscales of bodily pain (p = .001), vitality (p = .002), social functioning (p = .008), and role emotional (p = .02) were all significantly improved by exercise compared to controls. Strength increased a mean of 33% +/- 4% in exercisers and decreased 2% +/- 2% in controls (p < .0001). In a multiple stepwise regression model, intensity of training was a significant independent predictor of decrease in depression scores (r2 = .617, p = .0002). CONCLUSIONS: PRT is an effective antidepressant in depressed elders, while also improving strength, morale, and quality of life.
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One of the studies in which depression was confirmed by clinical interview also included patients with dysthymia.
“One of the studies in which depression was confirmed by clinical interview also included patients with dysthymia (depressed mood, without the full range of symptoms of clinical depression).74”
Randomisation was adequately concealed in only three of the 14 included studies.
“randomisation was adequately concealed in only three studies”
From The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomised controlled trials (2001) · cites this paper as [74]
The Study design section describes randomization in this single trial using a computer-generated list, but does not assess whether allocation was adequately concealed. Searches for the three-of-14-studies claim and for allocation concealment found no passage assessing concealment across included studies. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIntention to treat analysis was undertaken in only two of the 14 included studies.
“intention to treat analysis was undertaken in only two”
From The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomised controlled trials (2001) · cites this paper as [74]
The Statistical analysis section describes the trial’s analyses but does not identify them as intention-to-treat. The Results section says all randomized subjects completed the study, but that does not establish whether an intention-to-treat analysis was undertaken. This individual trial also does not address the claim that only two of 14 included studies used that approach; searches for intention-to-treat analysis and all-randomized-subject analyses found no confirming passage. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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- Authors
- Singh, N. A., Clements, K. M., & Fiatarone, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1997-01-01
- Volume
- 52A
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- M27-M35
- ISSN
- 1079-5006 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-535X
- OpenAlex
- W2139600675
- Cited by
- 439
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 5.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (53-3K06-5-10)
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- National Institutes of Health (5u01ag009078-03, AG-08812)
- Agricultural Research Service
- National Institute on Aging (AG-08812, UO1 AG09078)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Keywords
- progressive resistance training, geriatric depression, quality of life, muscle strength, exercise intensity, dysthymia, physical function, self-efficacy, morale, aging
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Depression, Exercise Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Morale, Patient Compliance, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Quality of Life, Treatment Outcome, Patient Selection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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