The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 31 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine a generalized equation for predicting maximal heart rate (HRmax) in healthy adults. BACKGROUND The age-predicted HRmax equation (i.e., 220 - age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing. Despite its importance and widespread use, the validity of the HRmax equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults. METHODS First, a meta-analytic approach was used to collect group mean HRmax values from 351 studies involving 492 groups and 18,712 subjects. Subsequently, the new equation was cross-validated in a well-controlled, laboratory-based study in which HRmax was measured in 514 healthy subjects. RESULTS In the meta-analysis, HRmax was strongly related to age (r = -0.90), using the equation of 208 - 0.7 x age. The regression equation obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 - 0.7 x age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis. The regression line was not different between men and women, nor was it influenced by wide variations in habitual physical activity levels. CONCLUSIONS 1) A regression equation to predict HRmax is 208 - 0.7 x age in healthy adults. 2) HRmax is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status. Our findings suggest that the currently used equation underestimates HRmax…
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
15 Own interpretation · 13 Own result · 9 No full text of the sources · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method · 2 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, similar to the original reports by Fox and Haskell (7,8), these studies probably or definitely included subjects with cardiovascular disease who smoked and/or were taking cardiac medications.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Londeree, 1984, Influence of age and other factors on maximal heart rate, J Cardiac Rehabil
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Whaley, 1992, Predictors of over- and underachievement of age-predicted maximal heart rate, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Partly supportedcites [11] Sheffield, 1978, Maximal heart rate and treadmill performance of healthy women in relation to age, Circulation sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Subjects and Methods (p. 1) reports that three volunteers took mild antihypertensive medications and that none had been told she had cardiovascular disease other than elevated blood pressure. This supports the medication concern in part, but the paper does not report that its volunteers smoked or had other known cardiovascular disease. Its introduction (p. 1) also says medication use was unreported in an earlier study, not that those subjects definitely took medication. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not matchedcites [7] Fox, 1970, The exercise stress test
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Fox, 1971, Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease, Ann Clin Res source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“using the equation of 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The regression equation, when all the subjects were combined, was 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“First, a regression equation for estimating HR max is 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age in healthy adult humans, which is significantly different from the traditional 220 Ϫ age equation.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 18,712- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression equation obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plainn = 514- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, a regression equation for estimating HR max is 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age in healthy adult humans, which is significantly different from the traditional 220 Ϫ age equation.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression equation for HR max (209 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“the rate of decline in HR max observed in the present study is very similar to that reported previously for intrinsic heart rate determined after cardiac autonomic blockade (Ϫ0.6 Ϫ 0.8 beats/min per year) (14,15).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Jose, 1970, The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man, Cardiovasc Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] de Marneffe, 1986, Variations of normal sinus node function in relation to age, Eur Heart J source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stepwise regression analysis revealed that age alone explained ϳ80% of the individual variance in HR max .”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Again, no significant differences in the HR max regression equation were observed between men and women”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maximal heart rate was inversely related to age in both men and women.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or between sedentary (212 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) and endurance-trained (205 Ϫ 0.6 ϫ age) subjects.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rate of decline and the y intercepts were not different between men and women”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data from treadmill and cycle ergometers were evaluated together and separately.There were no differences in the results between the two analyses.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The maximal respiratory exchange ratio (1.17 Ϯ 0.06) and maximal rating of perceived exertion (19.1 Ϯ 0.8) were not different across ages, suggesting consistently similar voluntary maximal efforts.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HR max is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Second, HR max is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and physical activity status.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 18,712- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“consistent with the present findings, gender (14) and habitual physical activity (16) do not appear to influence intrinsic heart rate in humans.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the traditional equation underestimates HR max past age 40 years, markedly so in older adults.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“Our findings suggest that the currently used equation underestimates HR max in older adults.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Conclusions.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The age-predicted HR max equation (i.e., 220 Ϫ age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Fletcher, 1997, How to implement physical activity in primary and secondary prevention, Circulation source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Tanaka, 1997, Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in physically active vs. sedentary healthy women, J Appl Physiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Howley, 1995, Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“use of the prevailing prediction equation would result in premature termination of the test and possibly failure to attain required exertion levels for diagnostic validity.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To ensure that each subject achieved maximal exertion, at least three of the following four criteria were met by each subject: 1) a plateau in VO 2 with increasing exercise intensity (Ͻ100 ml); 2) a respiratory exchange ratio of at least 1.15; 3) a maximal respiratory rate of at least 35 breaths/min; and 4) a rating of perceived exertion of at least 18 units on the Borg scale (5).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Howley, 1995, Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Each of these conditions influences HR max independent of age (10,12,13).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Whaley, 1992, Predictors of over- and underachievement of age-predicted maximal heart rate, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Wilmore, 1985, Acute response to submaximal and maximal exercise consequent to beta-adrenergic blockade, Am J Cardiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Graettinger, 1995, Relationship of left ventricular structure to maximal heart rate during exercise, Chest source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To eliminate the potentially confounding influence of severe obesity, only subjects with a body mass index Ͻ35 kg/m 2 were included.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Subjects Ͼ50 years of age were further evaluated by physical examination and by rest and maximal exercise electrocardiography ECG (3).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The age-predicted equation was determined “arbitrarily” from a total of 10 studies.The highest age included was Ͻ65 years, with the majority of subjects being Յ55 years old.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7] Fox, 1970, The exercise stress test
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Fox, 1971, Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease, Ann Clin Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Because we have previously shown that weighted results by sample size were not significantly different from unweighted results (6), no weighting scheme was used in the present meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Fitzgerald, 1997, Age-related decline in maximal aerobic capacity in regularly exercising vs. sedentary females, J Appl Physiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“It has been postulated that the primary mechanism is related to an age-related decline in intrinsic heart rate (i.e., independent of autonomic influences) (14,15).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Jose, 1970, The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man, Cardiovasc Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] de Marneffe, 1986, Variations of normal sinus node function in relation to age, Eur Heart J source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adults demonstrate the highest prevalence of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.
“The latter limitation is crucial in that older adults demonstrate the highest prevalence of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adults are often reluctant or unable to measure HRmax directly because of concerns about the physiologic stress imposed by strenuous exercise.
“Importantly, older adults are a population in which there is often a reluctance or an inability to measure HR max directly, owing to concerns related to the physiologic stress imposed by strenuous exercise.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 220 − age HRmax prediction equation is used in older adults more than in any other population.
“Thus, ironically, the 220 Ϫ age HR max prediction equation is used in this population more than in any other.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“The standard deviation for error between predicted and directly-measured maximal heart rate is roughly 13bpm [43].”
From Resting heart rate is a population-level biomarker of cardiorespiratory fitness: The Fenland Study (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the validity of this equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults; accordingly, it's utility has been challenged [ 32 , 33 ].”
From Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“The age-associated decline in maximal heart rate is typically reported to be unaltered by exercise training,139-142 but some evidence suggests that the decline in maximal heart rate with age can be attenuated by vigorous exercise.143-145”
From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [142]
Citations
Cites
(2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,400
ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for Exercise Testing: Summary Article
Gibbons, R. J., Balady, G. J., Bricker, J. T., CHAITMAN, B. R., Fletcher, G. F., Froelicher, V. F., Mark, D. B., McCallister, B. D., Mooss, A. N., O’Reilly, M. G., et al. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000034670.06526.15 · Cited by 2,583
Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary
HOWLEY, E. T., BASSETT, D. R., & WELCH, H. G. (1995) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199509000-00009 · Cited by 1,656 · cited 3×
“particular study group; 5) adult subjects; 6) maximal exertion documented by using objective criteria (5); and 7) only healthy (e.”
BackgroundMethodGibbons, R. J., Balady, G. J., Beasley, J. W., FAAFP, Bricker, J. T., Duvernoy, W. F. C., Froelicher, V. F., Mark, D. B., Marwick, T. H., McCallister, B. D., et al. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.1.345 · Cited by 1,094
The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man
Jose, A. D., & Collison, D. (1970) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/4.2.160 · Cited by 585
Guidelines for exercise testing
Feild, M. D. J. (1986) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80208-x · Cited by 528
Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease
Fox, S. M., & Naughton, J. P. (1972) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(72)90079-5 · Cited by 497
Fitzgerald, M. D., Tanaka, H., Tran, Z. V., & Seals, D. R. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.160 · Cited by 308
Self-citationPhysical activity and prevention of coronary heart disease.
Rocha, E. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 291
Tanaka, H., Desouza, C. A., Jones, P. P., Stevenson, E. T., Davy, K. P., & Seals, D. R. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.1947 · Cited by 216 · cited 3×
“Minute oxygen consumption (V̇O2) also was measured using on-line, computerassisted, open-circuit spirometry (4).”
MethodSelf-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 3,736
Acute-Phase Inflammatory Response to Single-Bout HIIT and Endurance Training: A Comparative Study
Kaspar, F., Jelinek, H. F., Perkins, S. E., Al-Aubaidy, H. A., deJong, B., & Butkowski, E. (2016) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2016/5474837 · Cited by 47
“7⋅age) [19].”
Reality mining and predictive analytics for building smart applications
Asri, H., Mousannif, H., & Moatassime, H. A. (2019) · Journal Of Big Data · doi:10.1186/s40537-019-0227-y · Cited by 47
Al-Bouwarthan, M., Quinn, M., Kriebel, D., & Wegman, D. H. (2020) · Annals of Work Exposures and Health · doi:10.1093/annweh/wxaa029 · Cited by 51
Monitoring Physical Activity Intensity During Pregnancy
Evenson, K. R., & Hesketh, K. R. (2021) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276211052277 · Cited by 49
“In 2001, Tanaka et al.(38) performed a meta-analysis of 351 studies and derived an alternative predictive formula for maximal heart rate: (208 – [.”
MethodMilani, J. G. P. O., Milani, M., Verboven, K., Cipriano, G., & Hansen, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1380639 · Cited by 56
Kusy, K., & Zieliński, J. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01496.x · Cited by 46
“…(a) a plateau in VO2 with increasing workload; (b) respiratory exchange ratio > 1.15; (c) heart rate within 5 beats/ min of the age-predicted HRmax (Tanaka et al., 2001); and (d) blood lactate concentration after exercise greater than 7 mmol/L. VO2max was expressed in mL/beat (absolute values) and…”
BackgroundInfluentialWollseiffen, P., Ghadiri, A., Scholz, A., Strüder, H. K., Herpers, R., Peters, T. A., & Schneider, S. (2015) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2654 · Cited by 47
“To predict the maximum heart rate, the equation of Tanaka (208 0.7× age) was used (Tanaka et al., 2001).”
MethodInfluentialLaurson, K. R., Brown, D. D., Dennis, K. K., & Cullen, R. W. (2008) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2008.10599463 · Cited by 46
“Using Tanaka, Monahan, and Seal’s (2001) maximal heart rate prediction equation (208 - 0.7 x age) and an average student age of 16 years, an average maximum heart rate of 197 beats per minute (bpm) was estimated.”
InfluentialLonac, M. C., Richards, J. C., Schweder, M. M., Johnson, T. K., & Bell, C. (2010) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2010.181 · Cited by 46
“Briefly, subjects walked/ran on a treadmill at an increasing grade until three of the following criteria were satisfied: volitional exhaustion (defined as an inability to continue), a heart rate within 10 beats/min of their age-related maximum (26), a plateau in the VO2-work rate relation, and a rating of perceived ex…”
BackgroundScharhag‐Rosenberger, F., Kuehl, R., Klassen, O., Schommer, K., Schmidt, M. E., Ulrich, C. M., Wiskemann, J., & Steindorf, K. (2015) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-015-0437-z · Cited by 50
Predicting Maximal HR in Heart Failure Patients on β-Blockade Therapy
Keteyian, S. J., Kitzman, D. W., Zannad, F. M., Landzberg, J. S., Arnold, J. M. O., Brubaker, P. H., Brawner, C. A., Bensimhon, D., Hellkamp, A. S., & Ewald, G. A. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318234316f · Cited by 46
Bellomo, R. G., Iodice, P., Maffulli, N., Maghradze, T., Coco, V., & Saggini, R. (2013) · European Journal of Inflammation · doi:10.1177/1721727x1301100118 · Cited by 46
Rago, V., Brito, J., Figueiredo, P., Ermιdis, G., Barreira, D., & Rebelo, A. (2019) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002987 · Cited by 53
“Maximum HR (HRmax) was estimated using revised age-predicted HRmax equation (43) to determine high-intensity periods (HR.”
MethodWyatt, L. H., Devlin, R. B., Rappold, A. G., Case, M., & Díaz-Sánchez, D. (2020) · Particle and Fibre Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s12989-020-00389-5 · Cited by 48
Moitinho‐Silva, L., Wegener, M., May, S., Schrinner, F., Akhtar, A., Boysen, T. J., Schaeffer, E., Hansen, C., Schmidt, T., Rühlemann, M. C., et al. (2021) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-021-02214-1 · Cited by 49
Diller, G., Okonko, D. O., Uebing, A. S., Dimopoulos, K., Bayne, S., Sutton, R., Francis, D. P., & Gatzoulis, M. Α. (2008) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.01.032 · Cited by 46
“comparative [4,5] and correlational [1,6], statistics have so far been used to address the relation of peak heart rate to exercise capacity.”
MethodXiang, X.-N., Zong, H.-Y., Ou, Y., Yu, X., Cheng, H., Du, C., & He, H. (2021) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-021-00880-w · Cited by 50
“In this study, the range of age is 40 and the used equation underestimates the HRmax in older adults [28].”
MethodExperimental study on upward movement in a high-rise building
Lam, J. H. T., Yuen, J. K. K., Lee, E. W. M., & Lee, Y. Y. (2014) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2014.07.011 · Cited by 51
Pan, X., Zhang, Y., & Tao, S. (2014) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.3109/10641963.2014.881838 · Cited by 45
Portillo, J., González‐Ravé, J. M., Santos‐García, D. J., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000393 · Cited by 45
van Uffelen, J. G. Z., Chinapaw, M. J. M., Hopman-Rock, M., & van Mechelen, W. (2009) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.17.4.398 · Cited by 45
Towards Smart Work Clothing for Automatic Risk Assessment of Physical Workload
Yang, L., Lu, K., Diaz-Olivares, J. A., Seoane, F., Lindecrantz, K., Forsman, M., Abtahi, F., & Eklund, J. A. E. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2855719 · Cited by 49
Hong, S. H., Yang, H. I., Kim, D., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16234858 · Cited by 45
García-Ceberino, J. M., Medina, A. A., Molina, S. F., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17010344 · Cited by 45
Measurement and prediction of energy expenditure in males during household and garden tasks
Gunn, S. M., van der Ploeg, G. E., Withers, R. T., Gore, C. J., Owen, N. G., Bauman, A. E., & Cormack, J. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0932-1 · Cited by 44
“The means, SDs and ranges of the 36 subjects for age, height, mass, body composition, RMR, resting HR and percentage of age-predicted maximal HR (%HRmax; Tanaka et al. 2001) are presented in Table 1.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialResting heart rate is a population-level biomarker of cardiorespiratory fitness: The Fenland Study
Gonzales, T. I., Jeon, J. Y., Lindsay, T., Westgate, K., Perez-Pozuelo, I., Hollidge, S., Wijndaele, K., Rennie, K., Forouhi, N., Griffin, S., et al. (2023) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285272 · Cited by 44
“The standard deviation for error between predicted and directly-measured maximal heart rate is roughly 13bpm [43].”
BackgroundApplication of Exercise Snacks across Youth, Adult and Clinical Populations: A Scoping Review
Weston, K. L., Little, J. P., Weston, M., McCreary, S., Kitchin, V., Gill, A. J., Niven, A. G., McNarry, M. A., & Mackintosh, K. A. (2025) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-025-00829-6 · Cited by 53
“…this into a mean exercise snack heart rate expressed as a percentage of maximal heart rate (%HRmax), using a generalized equation for predicting maximal heart rate [101], and also converted OMNI Resistance RPE [79] and 6–20 RPE [70] to the corresponding qualitative descriptor on the CR10 scale.”
Correlates of Heart Rate Recovery over 20 Years in a Healthy Population Sample
Carnethon, M. R., Sternfeld, B., Liu, K., Jacobs, D. R., Schreiner, P. J., Williams, O. D., Lewis, C. E., & Sidney, S. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31822cb190 · Cited by 48
Effect of aerobic exercise intervention on markers of insulin resistance in breast cancer women
Bruno, E., Roveda, E., Vitale, J. A., Montaruli, A., Berrino, F., Villarini, A., Venturelli, E., Gargano, G., Galasso, L., Caumo, A., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/ecc.12617 · Cited by 44
Psychophysiological Response and Fine Motor Skills in High-Altitude Parachute Jumps
Clemente‐Suárez, V. J., Robles‐Pérez, J. J., Herrera-Mendoza, K., et al. (2017) · High Altitude Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1089/ham.2017.0071 · Cited by 44
“During the flight phase, the maximum HR, reached in the previous moment of the jump, was higher (HALO) or close (HAHO) to the theoretical maximum HR of the jumpers (Tanaka et al., 2001) despite the broad experience of soldiers.”
de Oliveira, N. T. B., Ricci, N. A., Franco, K. F. M., Salvador, E. M. E. S., Almeida, I. C. B., & Cabral, C. M. N. (2019) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2642-9 · Cited by 56
Furtado, G. E., Carvalho, H. M., Loureiro, M., Patrício, M., Chupel, M. U., Colado, J. C., Hogervorst, E., Ferreira, J. P., & Teixeira, A. M. (2019) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.110790 · Cited by 48
Tai Chi is an effective form of exercise to reduce markers of frailty in older age
Kasim, N. F., Zanten, J. V., & Aldred, S. (2020) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.110925 · Cited by 44
Kindermann, M. (2002) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1053/euhj.2001.3078 · Cited by 43
Age and regional specificity of peak limb vascular conductance in women
Ridout, S. J., Parker, B. A., & Proctor, D. N. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00825.2005 · Cited by 44
“Subjects achieved an average of 101% of their agepredicted maximum heart rate (38).”
BackgroundSturgeon, K. M., Smith, A. M., Federici, E. H., Kodali, N., Kessler, R., Wyluda, E., Cream, L., Ky, B., & Schmitz, K. H. (2022) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-022-00420-6 · Cited by 48
“VO2max was predicted at age-adjusted HRmax using the Tanaka formula and the individual linear slope generated from graphing VO2 and HR from the submaximal test on their respective graphical axis [22, 23].”
MethodNorlander, K., Johansson, H., Jansson, C., et al. (2015) · PubMed · doi:10.3109/00016489.2015.1062548 · Cited by 43
“The pulse was continuously monitored (T31, Polar, Oulu, Finland) to ensure that the subject reached at least 90% of expected maximum heart rate [15].”
MethodPredictors of Exercise Intervention Dropout in Sedentary Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Nam, S., Dobrosielski, D. A., & Stewart, K. J. (2012) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention · doi:10.1097/hcr.0b013e31826be485 · Cited by 48
Physiologic Effects of an Ambulatory Ventilation System in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Pórszász, J., Cao, R., Morishige, R. J., van Eykern, L. A., Stenzler, A., & Casaburi, R. H. (2013) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201210-1773oc · Cited by 42
“7 3 age) (63); LAT 1⁄4 lactic acidosis threshold; MVV 1⁄4 maximum voluntary ventilation (FEV1 3 40); RER 1⁄4 respiratory exchange ratio (V : CO2/V : O2); SpO2 1⁄4 arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry; TcPCO2 1⁄4 partial pressure of CO2 measured transcutaneously; V : E/V : CO2 1⁄4 ventilatory equivalen…”
MethodEffect of exercising while fasting on eating behaviors and food intake
Bhutani, S., Klempel, M. C., Kroeger, C. M., Aggour, E., Calvo, Y., Trepanowski, J. F., Hoddy, K. K., & Varady, K. A. (2013) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-50 · Cited by 43
“7 × age)] [8] and a Polar Heart Rate Monitor (Polar USA, Inc.”
BackgroundModerate‐intensity exercise performed in the evening does not impair sleep in healthy males
Miller, D. J., Sargent, C., Roach, G. D., Scanlan, A. T., Vincent, G. E., & Lastella, M. (2019) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2019.1611934 · Cited by 43
Beaudry, R. I., Brotto, A. R., Varughese, R. A., de Waal, S., Fuhr, D. P., Damant, R. W., Ferrara, G., Lam, G. Y., Smith, M. P., & Stickland, M. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.917886 · Cited by 47
“7 x age]) (Tanaka et al., 2001); 4) increase in oxygen consumption <100 ml/min with an increase in power output (Stickland et al.”
Backgroundon behalf of the ADDITION-Plus study team, Griffin, S. J., Simmons, R. K., Prevost, A. T., Williams, K. M., Hardeman, W., Sutton, S. R., Brage, S., Ekelund, U., Parker, R. A., et al. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3236-6 · Cited by 43
“A graded treadmill walk test was used to individually calibrate heart rate [13] and to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness by extrapolation of the heart rate/oxygen consumption relationship to age-predicted maximal heart rate [14].”
MethodSelf-supervised transfer learning of physiological representations from free-living wearable data
Spathis, D., Perez-Pozuelo, I., Brage, S., Wareham, N. J., & Mascolo, C. (2021) · Proceedings of the Conference on Health, Inference, and Learning · doi:10.1145/3450439.3451863 · Cited by 40
“As such, some individuals may reach very low (<50 bpm, at rest/sleeping) or high (>180 bpm during vigorous exercise) (Tanaka, Monahan, and Seals 2001) generating very long tails on the heart rate distribution.”
BackgroundWanders, L., Cuijpers, I., Kessels, R. P. C., van de Rest, O., Hopman, M. T. E., & Thijssen, D. H. J. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.006 · Cited by 43
“During ACT, five-minute moderate-intensity (50e70% of maximum estimated heart rate [27]) cycling breaks were performed at 30-minute intervals.”
MethodThe Impact of Training on the Loss of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Aging Masters Endurance Athletes
Burtscher, J., Strasser, B., Burtscher, M., & Millet, G. P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191711050 · Cited by 54
“In contrast to the decrease in lung function [62], both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies indicate that the decreases in maximal heart rate and stroke volume are the major contributors to the observed decline in VO2max in masters endurance athletes [40,47,48,63,64].”
Comparison of the YMCA and a Custom Submaximal Exercise Test for Determining V˙O2max
Jamnick, N. A., By, S., Pettitt, C. D., & Pettitt, R. W. (2015) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000763 · Cited by 48
Keech, A., Sandler, C. X., Vollmer-Conna, U. S., Cvejic, E., Lloyd, A. R., & Barry, B. K. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.08.008 · Cited by 42
Power output of field-based downhill mountain biking
Hurst, H. T., & Atkins, S. J. (2006) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410500431997 · Cited by 42
“Age-predicted heart rate was determined using the equation of Tanaka, Monahan and Seals ( 2001 ).”
MethodSimim, M. A. D. M., da Silva, B. V. C., Júnior, M. M., et al. (2013) · Motriz Revista de Educação Física · doi:10.1590/s1980-65742013000300016 · Cited by 42
Fear and C-reactive protein cosynergize annual pulse increases in healthy adults
Shenhar‐Tsarfaty, S., Yayon, N., Waiskopf, N., Shapira, I., Toker, S., Zaltser, D., Berliner, S. A., Ritov, Y., & Soreq, H. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1418264112 · Cited by 42
“Average maximal pulse values tend to decrease with aging (17), such that pulse increases are the exception.”
BackgroundŠprager, S., & Zazula, D. (2013) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.03.003 · Cited by 42
“[13] H.”
MethodSex difference in fluid balance responses during prolonged exercise
Eijsvogels, T. M. H., Scholten, R. R., van Duijnhoven, N. T. L., Thijssen, D. H. J., & Hopman, M. T. E. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01371.x · Cited by 43
Active video games as an exercise tool for children with cystic fibrosis
O’Donovan, C., Greally, P., Canny, G. J., McNally, P., & Hussey, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2013.10.008 · Cited by 44
“7 ∗ age) [32].”
Perondi, B., Gualano, B., Artioli, G. G., Painelli, V. D. S., Filho, V. O., Netto, G., Muratt, M. D., Roschel, H., & Pinto, A. L. D. S. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 43
A Randomized Crossover Trial on Acute Stress-Related Physiological Responses to Mountain Hiking
Niedermeier, M., Grafetstätter, C., Hartl, A. J., & Kopp, M. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14080905 · Cited by 43
Ferreira, J. P., Toscano, C. V. A., Machado‐Rodrigues, A. M., Furtado, G. E., de Barros, M. V. G., Júnior, R. D. S. W., & Carvalho, H. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00047 · Cited by 54
“Prescription of exercise intensity should be based on direct measurements of maximal heart rate (HRmax) if possible, because an equation may not predict the true HRmax in some individuals, specific populations, or modes of exercise (88).”
BackgroundAftereffects of Cognitively Demanding Acute Aerobic Exercise on Working Memory
Kamijo, K., & ABE, R. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001763 · Cited by 42
Soriano‐Maldonado, A., Morillas‐de‐Laguno, P., Sabio, J. M., Gavilán‐Carrera, B., Rosales‐Castillo, A., Montalbán‐Méndez, C., Sáez‐Urán, L. M., Callejas-Rubio, J. L., & Vargas‐Hitos, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm7120477 · Cited by 44
Race duration and blood pressure are major predictors of exercise-induced cardiac troponin elevation
Kleiven, Ø., Omland, T., Skadberg, Ø., Melberg, T. H., Bjørkavoll-Bergseth, M. F., Auestad, B., Bergseth, R., Greve, O. J., Aakre, K. M., & Ørn, S. (2019) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.02.044 · Cited by 43
Mylius, C., Krijnen, W. P., Schans, V. D. C., & Takken, T. (2019) · ERJ Open Research · doi:10.1183/23120541.00056-2018 · Cited by 41
Dumuid, D., Wake, M. A., Burgner, D. P., Tremblay, M. S., Okely, A. D., Edwards, B., Dwyer, T., & Olds, T. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245501 · Cited by 44
“Estimated maximal work rate was calculated from a regression of work rate on heart rate for each stage, extrapolated to an estimated maximal heart (HRmax) [28].”
MethodHedberg, P., Öhrvik, J., Lönnberg, I., & Nilsson, G. (2009) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2008.162172 · Cited by 44
“Sitting pre-exercise heart rate (bpm) 79 (13) 78 (14) 0.”
InfluentialStob, N. R., Bell, C., van Baak, M. A., & Seals, D. R. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01434.2006 · Cited by 42
“Briefly, subjects walked and/or ran on a treadmill at an increasing grade until three of the following criteria were satisfied: volitional exhaustion (defined as an inability to continue), a heart rate within 10 beats/min of their age-related maximum (38), a plateau in the V̇O2-work rate relation, and a rating of perc…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Use of Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review
Kasai, D., Parfitt, G., Tarca, B. D., et al. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01374-w · Cited by 41
Effects of Mental Fatigue on Reaction Time in Sportsmen
Migliaccio, G. M., Filippo, G. D., Russo, L., Orgiana, T., Ardigò, L. P., Casal, M. Z., Peyré‐Tartaruga, L. A., & Padulo, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114360 · Cited by 41
Are Activity Wrist-Worn Devices Accurate for Determining Heart Rate during Intense Exercise?
Martín-Escudero, P., Cabanas, A. M., Dotor-Castilla, M. L., Galindo-Canales, M., Miguel‐Tobal, F., Fernández, C., Fuentes, M. E., & Giannetti, R. (2023) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering10020254 · Cited by 41
Perry, A., Farber‐Eger, E. H., Gonzales, T. I., Tanaka, T., Robbins, J., Murthy, V. L., Stolze, L. K., Zhao, S., Huang, S., Colangelo, L. A., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03039-x · Cited by 43
“Peak VO 2 was estimated by extrapolating the linear relationship between heartrate and treadmill workrate 87 to age-predicted maximal heartrate 86 , adding an estimate of resting energy expenditure, and then converting the resultant workrate value to VO 2 (ml O 2 min −1 kg −1 ) using a caloric…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGrummt, M., Hafermann, L., Claussen, L., Herrmann, C., & Wolfarth, B. (2024) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-024-00729-1 · Cited by 54
“A reduction of maximal stroke volume, HR, and av-oxygen-difference result in deterioration of cardiovascular efficiency [71–73].”
BackgroundHeat stress and workload associated with sugarcane cutting - an excessively strenuous occupation!
Lucas, R. A. I., Bodin, T., Gárcía-Trabanino, R., Wesseling, C., Glaser, J. R., Weiss, I., Jarquin, E. R., Jakobsson, K., & Wegman, D. H. (2015) · Extreme Physiology & Medicine · doi:10.1186/2046-7648-4-s1-a23 · Cited by 41
“7 × age) [2].”
Klein, D. A., Katz, D. H., Beussink‐Nelson, L., Sanchez, C. L., Strzelczyk, T. A., & Shah, S. J. (2015) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.06.038 · Cited by 41
Reproducibility of Endurance Performance on a Treadmill Using a Preloaded Time Trial
RUSSELL, R. D., Redmann, S. M., Ravussin, É., Hunter, G. R., & Larson‐Meyer, D. E. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000121954.95892.c8 · Cited by 41
“For the test to be considered an acceptable measurement of V u O2max, two of the following criteria had to be met: 1) a leveling or plateau of V u O2 (defined as an increase of V u O2 of 2m L·kg 1 ·min1 with increased workload), 2) RER 1.10, and 3) maximum heart rate within 10 beats of age-predicted maximum (max heart…”
MethodInfluentialA Learning Protocol Improves the Validity of the Borg 6–20 RPE Scale During Indoor Cycling
Soriano‐Maldonado, A., Romero‐Gallardo, L., Femia, P., Roero, C., Ruiz, J. R., & Gutiérrez, Á. (2013) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0033-1353166 · Cited by 44
Burich, R., Teljigović, S., Boyle, E., & Sjøgaard, G. (2015) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2015.1060262 · Cited by 44
“Maximal HR was estimated using the equation described by Tanaka, Monahan, and Seals (2001).”
MethodGardening Tasks Performed by Adults are Moderate- to High-Intensity Physical Activities
Park, S.-A., Lee, A.-Y., Lee, K.-S., & Son, K.-C. (2014) · HortTechnology · doi:10.21273/horttech.24.1.58 · Cited by 42
Skadberg, Ø., Kleiven, Ø., Bjørkavoll-Bergseth, M. F., Melberg, T. H., Bergseth, R., Selvåg, J., Auestad, B., Greve, O. J., Dickstein, K., Aarsland, T., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487317693130 · Cited by 42
A 9-Week Nordic and Free Walking Improve Postural Balance in Parkinson’s Disease
Franzoni, L. T., Monteiro, E. P., Oliveira, H., et al. (2018) · Sports Medicine International Open · doi:10.1055/s-0043-124757 · Cited by 41
“The eligibility of the subjects included: 1) a diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease; 2) regular medical treatment with drugs for PD; 3) aged over 50 years; 4) between stages 1–4 on the Hoehn and Yahr scale; 5) cognitive ability to follow the instructions of the study (MoCA ≥ 26 score) [26]; 5) independent gait…”
Accumulation of saturated intramyocellular lipid is associated with insulin resistance
Savage, D. B., Watson, L. P. E., Carr, K., Adams, C., Brage, S., Chatterjee, K., Hodson, L., Boesch, C., Kemp, G. J., & Sleigh, A. (2019) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m091942 · Cited by 42
“VO2max was calculated in the control participants by extrapolating the submaximal heart rate – VO2 relationship to the age-predicted maximum heart rate (27).”
MethodHarper, L. D., Field, A., Corr, L. D., & Naughton, R. J. (2019) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2019-0330 · Cited by 43
Rogers, B., Schaffarczyk, M., Clauß, M., Mourot, L., & Gronwald, T. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22052032 · Cited by 41
Long-term cardiopulmonary exercise capacity after modified Fontan operation
Ovroutski, S., Ewert, P., Miera, O., et al. (2009) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.06.053 · Cited by 41
“Compared with the norm of HRmax for healthy population, patients showed inadequate HRmax (in median <5% of the norm according to age and gender), both children and adults, and both early and late postoperatively [9,10].”
MethodResultSilva, P. R. S., da Fonseca, A. J., de Castro, A. W., Greve, J. M. D., & Hernandez, A. J. (2007) · Clinics · doi:10.1590/s1807-59322007000400004 · Cited by 41
Teixeira, D., Bastos, V., Andrade, A. J., Palmeira, A. L., & Panteleimon Ekkekakis, A. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-024-01636-0 · Cited by 49
Roussel, N. A., Vissers, D. K., Kuppens, K., Fransén, E., Truijen, S., Nijs, J., & Backer, W. D. (2014) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2014.05.008 · Cited by 40
“7 times the participant's age in years (Tanaka et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPrediction of Aerobic Capacity in Firefighters Using Submaximal Treadmill and Stairmill Protocols
Tierney, M. T., Lenar, D. P., Stanforth, P. R., Craig, J. N., & Farrar, R. P. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c7c282 · Cited by 40
“When predicting a higher maximal HR in older populations, this equation adjusts for the age-related reduction in maximal HR and consequently better predicts maximal HR in older adults (16).”
BackgroundEffect of Ecological Walking Training in Sedentary Elderly People: Act on Aging Study
Magistro, D., Liubicich, M. E., Candela, F., & Ciairano, S. (2013) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnt039 · Cited by 45
“The safety limit was determined by calculation the maximum heart rate following the method of Tanaka, Monahan, and Seals (2001); the formula to predict the maximum heart rate is 208 − 0.7 × age.”
MethodInfluentialBerkelmans, D. M., Dalbo, V. J., Fox, J. L., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002291 · Cited by 40
Deshayes, T. A., Jeker, D., & Goulet, E. D. B. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01223-5 · Cited by 41
“[40], the mean exercise intensity was determined using the estimated maximal heart rate [41], the mean heart rate at which the exercise was performed, and by converting the percent maximal heart rate at which the exercise was completed to a mean percentage of the V̇O2peak using the formula of Londeree et al.”
MethodPolechoński, J., Nierwińska, K., Kalita, B., & Wodarski, P. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17218051 · Cited by 39
Amirato, G. R., Borges, J. O., Marques, D. L., Santos, J. M. B., Santos, C. A. F., Andrade, M. S., Furtado, G. E., Rossi, M. N., Luis, L. N., Zambonatto, R. F., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13031025 · Cited by 41
“The aerobic exercises were performed during the first 30 min of sessions, between 60 to 70% of the maximal heart rate reserve, calculated by equation [24]:”
MethodCardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Athletes: Expect the Unexpected
Petek, B. J., Gustus, S. K., & Wasfy, M. M. (2021) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-021-00928-z · Cited by 46
The energy cost of household and garden activities in 55- to 65-year-old males
Gunn, S. M., Brooks, A. G., Withers, R. T., Gore, C. J., Plummer, J. L., & Cormack, J. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1302-3 · Cited by 38
“All the activities performed in the home environment had %HRmax (Tanaka et al. 2001) means significantly (P £ 0.003) larger than the minimal level of 55% required for a training effect on aerobic fitness (Pollock et al. 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMaternal heart rate changes during labour
Söhnchen, N., Melzer, K., de Tejada, B. M., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.04.038 · Cited by 40
“This formula is independent of habitual physical activity status and more precise for healthy subjects when compared to the classic formula (220age) [24].”
BackgroundEffects of Dynamic Stepping Training on Nonlocomotor Tasks in Individuals Poststroke
Straube, D. D., Holleran, C. L., Kinnaird, C. R., Leddy, A. L., Hennessy, P. W., & Hornby, T. G. (2014) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20130544 · Cited by 41
Bhutani, S., Klempel, M. C., Kroeger, C. M., Trepanowski, J. F., Phillips, S. A., Norkeviciute, E., & Varady, K. A. (2013) · e-SPEN Journal · doi:10.1016/j.clnme.2013.07.005 · Cited by 39
Jiménez‐García, J. D., Hita‐Contreras, F., la Torre‐Cruz, M. J. D., Aibar‐Almazán, A., Achalandabaso‐Ochoa, A., Fábrega‐Cuadros, R., & Martínez‐Amat, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031211 · Cited by 42
Central and Peripheral Cardiovascular Impairments Limit V·O2peak in Type 1 Diabetes
Rissanen, A., Tikkanen, H. O., Koponen, A. S., Aho, J. M., & Peltonen, J. E. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000419 · Cited by 39
“However, only two patients with diabetes, but six controls, attained age-predicted (36) HRmax, leading to statistically nonsignificant 6 bpm lower HRmax in the group with diabetes.”
BackgroundVarady, K. A., St-Pierre, A. C., Lamarche, B., & Jones, P. J. H. (2005) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602106 · Cited by 38
“An age-predicted heart rate maximum (HRmax) equation (209 (0.7 age)) (Tanaka et al, 2001) was used to estimate individual training intensity.”
MethodInfluentialMongin, D., Chabert, C., Courvoisier, D. S., García-Romero, J., & Alvero‐Cruz, J. R. (2021) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2021.1954513 · Cited by 37
“The maximal heart rate estimated by Tanaka’s formula (Tanaka et al., 2001) was 2 beats/min higher than HRpeak, consistent with recent findings (Berglund et al.”
ResultLiu, J.-H., Shih, C., Huang, H., Peng, J., Cheng, S., Tsai, J., & Lai, F. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/47366 · Cited by 41
“This finding aligns with the well-known concept that the maximal HR and HR stress response decrease with age [53,54].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Tanaka, H., Monahan, K. D., & Seals, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tanaka, Hirofumi
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 153-156
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2090296913
- Semantic Scholar
- 857d95626adc70db6e64da8c5fa9060489db0262
- Cited by
- 3,775
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 249 · 2025: 277 · 2024: 304 · 2023: 240 · 2022: 295 · 2021: 262 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 259 · 2018: 246 · 2017: 189 · 2016: 182 · 2015: 174 · 2014: 178 · 2013: 149 · 2012: 107
- FWCI
- 38.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG-13038, AG 00847, AG-06537, R01AG006537)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Keywords
- maximal heart rate, heart rate prediction equations, older adults, exercise prescription, exercise testing, physical stress, physical activity behavior, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
