The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 31 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine a generalized equation for predicting maximal heart rate (HRmax) in healthy adults. BACKGROUND The age-predicted HRmax equation (i.e., 220 - age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing. Despite its importance and widespread use, the validity of the HRmax equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults. METHODS First, a meta-analytic approach was used to collect group mean HRmax values from 351 studies involving 492 groups and 18,712 subjects. Subsequently, the new equation was cross-validated in a well-controlled, laboratory-based study in which HRmax was measured in 514 healthy subjects. RESULTS In the meta-analysis, HRmax was strongly related to age (r = -0.90), using the equation of 208 - 0.7 x age. The regression equation obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 - 0.7 x age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis. The regression line was not different between men and women, nor was it influenced by wide variations in habitual physical activity levels. CONCLUSIONS 1) A regression equation to predict HRmax is 208 - 0.7 x age in healthy adults. 2) HRmax is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status. Our findings suggest that the currently used equation underestimates HRmax…
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
15 Own interpretation · 13 Own result · 9 No full text of the sources · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method · 2 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, similar to the original reports by Fox and Haskell (7,8), these studies probably or definitely included subjects with cardiovascular disease who smoked and/or were taking cardiac medications.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Londeree, 1984, Influence of age and other factors on maximal heart rate, J Cardiac Rehabil
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Whaley, 1992, Predictors of over- and underachievement of age-predicted maximal heart rate, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Partly supportedcites [11] Sheffield, 1978, Maximal heart rate and treadmill performance of healthy women in relation to age, Circulation sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Subjects and Methods (p. 1) reports that three volunteers took mild antihypertensive medications and that none had been told she had cardiovascular disease other than elevated blood pressure. This supports the medication concern in part, but the paper does not report that its volunteers smoked or had other known cardiovascular disease. Its introduction (p. 1) also says medication use was unreported in an earlier study, not that those subjects definitely took medication. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not matchedcites [7] Fox, 1970, The exercise stress test
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Fox, 1971, Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease, Ann Clin Res source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“using the equation of 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“The regression equation, when all the subjects were combined, was 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“First, a regression equation for estimating HR max is 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age in healthy adult humans, which is significantly different from the traditional 220 Ϫ age equation.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 18,712- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression equation obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plainn = 514- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, a regression equation for estimating HR max is 208 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age in healthy adult humans, which is significantly different from the traditional 220 Ϫ age equation.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression equation for HR max (209 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“the rate of decline in HR max observed in the present study is very similar to that reported previously for intrinsic heart rate determined after cardiac autonomic blockade (Ϫ0.6 Ϫ 0.8 beats/min per year) (14,15).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Jose, 1970, The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man, Cardiovasc Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] de Marneffe, 1986, Variations of normal sinus node function in relation to age, Eur Heart J source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stepwise regression analysis revealed that age alone explained ϳ80% of the individual variance in HR max .”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Again, no significant differences in the HR max regression equation were observed between men and women”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maximal heart rate was inversely related to age in both men and women.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or between sedentary (212 Ϫ 0.7 ϫ age) and endurance-trained (205 Ϫ 0.6 ϫ age) subjects.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rate of decline and the y intercepts were not different between men and women”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data from treadmill and cycle ergometers were evaluated together and separately.There were no differences in the results between the two analyses.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The maximal respiratory exchange ratio (1.17 Ϯ 0.06) and maximal rating of perceived exertion (19.1 Ϯ 0.8) were not different across ages, suggesting consistently similar voluntary maximal efforts.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > RESULTS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HR max is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Second, HR max is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and physical activity status.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 18,712- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“consistent with the present findings, gender (14) and habitual physical activity (16) do not appear to influence intrinsic heart rate in humans.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the traditional equation underestimates HR max past age 40 years, markedly so in older adults.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“Our findings suggest that the currently used equation underestimates HR max in older adults.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Conclusions.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The age-predicted HR max equation (i.e., 220 Ϫ age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Fletcher, 1997, How to implement physical activity in primary and secondary prevention, Circulation source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Tanaka, 1997, Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in physically active vs. sedentary healthy women, J Appl Physiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Howley, 1995, Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“use of the prevailing prediction equation would result in premature termination of the test and possibly failure to attain required exertion levels for diagnostic validity.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To ensure that each subject achieved maximal exertion, at least three of the following four criteria were met by each subject: 1) a plateau in VO 2 with increasing exercise intensity (Ͻ100 ml); 2) a respiratory exchange ratio of at least 1.15; 3) a maximal respiratory rate of at least 35 breaths/min; and 4) a rating of perceived exertion of at least 18 units on the Borg scale (5).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Howley, 1995, Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Each of these conditions influences HR max independent of age (10,12,13).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Whaley, 1992, Predictors of over- and underachievement of age-predicted maximal heart rate, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Wilmore, 1985, Acute response to submaximal and maximal exercise consequent to beta-adrenergic blockade, Am J Cardiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Graettinger, 1995, Relationship of left ventricular structure to maximal heart rate during exercise, Chest source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To eliminate the potentially confounding influence of severe obesity, only subjects with a body mass index Ͻ35 kg/m 2 were included.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Subjects Ͼ50 years of age were further evaluated by physical examination and by rest and maximal exercise electrocardiography ECG (3).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Gibbons, 1997, ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The age-predicted equation was determined “arbitrarily” from a total of 10 studies.The highest age included was Ͻ65 years, with the majority of subjects being Յ55 years old.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7] Fox, 1970, The exercise stress test
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Fox, 1971, Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease, Ann Clin Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Because we have previously shown that weighted results by sample size were not significantly different from unweighted results (6), no weighting scheme was used in the present meta-analysis.”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Meta-analytic study.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Fitzgerald, 1997, Age-related decline in maximal aerobic capacity in regularly exercising vs. sedentary females, J Appl Physiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“It has been postulated that the primary mechanism is related to an age-related decline in intrinsic heart rate (i.e., independent of autonomic influences) (14,15).”
§ Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate Revisited > Mechanisms.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Jose, 1970, The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man, Cardiovasc Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] de Marneffe, 1986, Variations of normal sinus node function in relation to age, Eur Heart J source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adults demonstrate the highest prevalence of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.
“The latter limitation is crucial in that older adults demonstrate the highest prevalence of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adults are often reluctant or unable to measure HRmax directly because of concerns about the physiologic stress imposed by strenuous exercise.
“Importantly, older adults are a population in which there is often a reluctance or an inability to measure HR max directly, owing to concerns related to the physiologic stress imposed by strenuous exercise.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 220 − age HRmax prediction equation is used in older adults more than in any other population.
“Thus, ironically, the 220 Ϫ age HR max prediction equation is used in this population more than in any other.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“The standard deviation for error between predicted and directly-measured maximal heart rate is roughly 13bpm [43].”
From Resting heart rate is a population-level biomarker of cardiorespiratory fitness: The Fenland Study (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the validity of this equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults; accordingly, it's utility has been challenged [ 32 , 33 ].”
From Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“The age-associated decline in maximal heart rate is typically reported to be unaltered by exercise training,139-142 but some evidence suggests that the decline in maximal heart rate with age can be attenuated by vigorous exercise.143-145”
From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [142]
Citations
Cites
(2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,400
ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for Exercise Testing: Summary Article
Gibbons, R. J., Balady, G. J., Bricker, J. T., CHAITMAN, B. R., Fletcher, G. F., Froelicher, V. F., Mark, D. B., McCallister, B. D., Mooss, A. N., O’Reilly, M. G., et al. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000034670.06526.15 · Cited by 2,583
Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary
HOWLEY, E. T., BASSETT, D. R., & WELCH, H. G. (1995) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199509000-00009 · Cited by 1,656 · cited 3×
“particular study group; 5) adult subjects; 6) maximal exertion documented by using objective criteria (5); and 7) only healthy (e.”
BackgroundMethodGibbons, R. J., Balady, G. J., Beasley, J. W., FAAFP, Bricker, J. T., Duvernoy, W. F. C., Froelicher, V. F., Mark, D. B., Marwick, T. H., McCallister, B. D., et al. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.1.345 · Cited by 1,094
The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man
Jose, A. D., & Collison, D. (1970) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/4.2.160 · Cited by 585
Guidelines for exercise testing
Feild, M. D. J. (1986) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80208-x · Cited by 528
Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease
Fox, S. M., & Naughton, J. P. (1972) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(72)90079-5 · Cited by 497
Fitzgerald, M. D., Tanaka, H., Tran, Z. V., & Seals, D. R. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.160 · Cited by 308
Self-citationPhysical activity and prevention of coronary heart disease.
Rocha, E. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 291
Tanaka, H., Desouza, C. A., Jones, P. P., Stevenson, E. T., Davy, K. P., & Seals, D. R. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.1947 · Cited by 216 · cited 3×
“Minute oxygen consumption (V̇O2) also was measured using on-line, computerassisted, open-circuit spirometry (4).”
MethodSelf-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 3,736
Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers at Age 60 to 64 Years
Elhakeem, A., Cooper, R., Whincup, P. H., Brage, S., Kuh, D. J., & Hardy, R. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.007459 · Cited by 33
“In addition, in the subsample with sufficient step test data (≥4 minutes), we derived cardiorespiratory fitness by extrapolating the submaximal relationship between heart rate and energy expenditure to age-predicted maximal heart rate; the latter was adjusted downwards by 20 beats per minute for individuals on b-block…”
MethodPersonal Mobile Messaging in Context
Buschek, D., Hassib, M. E., & Alt, F. (2018) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3201404 · Cited by 39
“7 × Aдe ) [60].”
Dodwell, G., Müller, H. J., & Töllner, T. (2018) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12352 · Cited by 35
Hashiguchi, N., Kodama, K., Lim, Y., Che, C., Kuroishi, S., Miyazaki, Y., Kobayashi, T. R., Kitahara, S., & Tateyama, K. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20133786 · Cited by 33
Gavilán‐Carrera, B., Vargas‐Hitos, J. A., Morillas‐de‐Laguno, P., Rosales‐Castillo, A., Sola-Rodríguez, S., Callejas-Rubio, J. L., Sabio, J. M., & Soriano‐Maldonado, A. (2020) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2020.1808904 · Cited by 36
Stein, A. M., da Silva, T. M. V., Coelho, F. G. D. M., Rueda, A. V. L., Camarini, R., & Galduróz, R. F. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112903 · Cited by 37
Moyen, N. E., Bapat, R. C., Tan, B., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413126 · Cited by 33
“[26].”
Robertson, A. D., Crane, D., Rajab, A. S., Swardfager, W., Marzolini, S., Shirzadi, Z., Middleton, L. E., & MacIntosh, B. J. (2015) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-015-4317-6 · Cited by 33
“1 3 the cardiopulmonary assessment, and hence age-predicted peak heart rate (Tanaka et al. 2001) was used to establish submaximal targets.”
MethodPeptide Glutamine Supplementation for Tolerance of Intermittent Exercise in Soccer Players
Favano, A., Silva, P. R. S., Nakano, E. Y., Pedrinelli, A., Hernandez, A. J., & Greve, J. M. D. (2008) · Clinics · doi:10.1590/s1807-59322008000100006 · Cited by 34
Withers, R. T., Brooks, A. G., Gunn, S. M., Plummer, J. L., Gore, C. J., & Cormack, J. (2006) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0177-x · Cited by 32
“…t tests between home and laboratory values ( P < 0.0001) Two-tailed dependent t tests between home and laboratory % HRmax values ( P < 0.03) a 1 MET = _VO2 of 3.5 ml kg 1 min 1 bBeats min 1 cMaximal HR = 208 0.7 · age (Tanaka et al. 2001) except for one younger volunteer when window cleaning.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDonath, L., Kurz, E., Roth, R., Hanssen, H., Schmidt‐Trucksäss, A., Zahner, L., & Faude, O. (2014) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000363767 · Cited by 33
Dimkpa, U., & Oji, J. O. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1276-2 · Cited by 34
“%) of age-predicted maximum HR (HRmax) determined as [HRmax = 208 ¡ (0.7 £ age)], (Tanaka et al. 2001).”
InfluentialEffects of a Maximal Graded Exercise Test on Glutathione as a Marker of Acute Oxidative Stress
Elokda, A. S., Shields, R. K., & Nielsen, D. H. (2005) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-200507000-00007 · Cited by 33
Willems, M. E. T., & Bond, T. S. (2009) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/v10078-009-0022-5 · Cited by 33
“Firstly, the heart rates were found to be 55‐57% of age‐predicted maximal heart rate using the equation by Tanaka et al (2001) (55‐69%maxHR is recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine/Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, see Pate et al., …”
Bouzid, M. A., Hammouda, O., Matran, R., Robin, S., & Fabre, C. (2015) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-0417 · Cited by 35
von Scheidt, F., Meier, S., Krämer, J., Apitz, A., Siaplaouras, J., Bride, P., Kaestner, M., & Apitz, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2019.00065 · Cited by 36
“Using the (220-age) formula it is likely to overestimate the maximum heart rate of young subjects (20, 21).”
MethodDesign of a virtual trainer for exergaming
Shaw, L. A., Tourrel, R., Wünsche, B. C., Lutteroth, C., Marks, S., & Buckley, J. (2016) · Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference (ACSW) · doi:10.1145/2843043.2843384 · Cited by 35
“The user’s maximum heart rate is calculated based on their age [17], using equation 1.”
MethodDetermining the I (Intensity) for a FITT-VP Aerobic Exercise Prescription
Bushman, B. A. (2014) · ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal · doi:10.1249/fit.0000000000000030 · Cited by 32
Zhang, Q., Zhou, D., & Zeng, X. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2016.2640309 · Cited by 32
“To further improve the robustness, the heart rate estimates more than 208 or less than 40 beats per minute (BPM) are discarded [20], and then replaced”
BackgroundDavid, M. M. C., Gomes, É. L. D. F. D., Mello, M. C., & Costa, D. (2018) · Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1177/1753466618777723 · Cited by 38
Delextrat, A. A., Piquet, J., Matthews, M. J., & Cohen, D. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01059 · Cited by 32
Batterson, P. M., Norton, M. R., Hetz, S. E., Rohilla, S., Lindsay, K. G., Subudhi, A. W., & Jacobs, R. A. (2020) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14342 · Cited by 30
“05) and HRmax within 20 bpm of age-predicted (Tanaka et al., 2001) HRmax (175 ± 11 vs.”
BackgroundZuccarelli, L., Salvador, P. C. D. N., del Torto, A., Fiorentino, R., & Grassi, B. (2020) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00580.2019 · Cited by 32
Takeuchi, H., Magistro, D., Kotozaki, Y., Motoki, K., Nejad, K. K., Nouchi, R., Jeong, H., Sato, C., Sessa, S., Nagatomi, R., et al. (2020) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2020/3859824 · Cited by 33
“MHR = 208 – ð:70 × age in yearsÞ bpm [30]”
Toledo, R., Dias, M. R., Toledo, R., Erotides, R., Pinto, D. S., Reis, V. M., Novaes, J. D. S., Vianna, J. M., & Heinrich, K. M. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11060586 · Cited by 39
Magrì, D., Piepoli, M. F., Gallo, G., Corrà, U., Metra, M., Paolillo, S., Filardi, P. P., Maruotti, A., Salvioni, E., Mapelli, M., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwac099 · Cited by 32
Wearable Sensors as a Preoperative Assessment Tool: A Review
Syversen, A., Dosis, A., Jayne, D. G., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24020482 · Cited by 35
“This high threshold is notably above estimated HR maximum values for elderly populations indicating potential suitability for this population and for monitoring low-intensity exercise [103].”
Backgroundvan Loon, J. E., Sonneveld, M., Praet, S., de Maat, M. P. M., & Leebeek, F. W. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091687 · Cited by 32
“7*age) [29], the maximum RER is a measure for the intensity of the test.”
BackgroundHosny, I. A., Elghawabi, H. S., Younan, W. B. F., Sabbour, A. A., & Gobrial, M. A. M. (2011) · Skeletal Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00256-011-1196-1 · Cited by 32
“The exercise regimen for each session consisted of three phases, namely a warm-up phase (5 min) in the form of pace walking (walking at low speed, 1.5 km/h), then an aerobic exercise (stimulus) phase with moderate intensity at 70% of the maximum heart rate (HR), according to the formula HR max=220 � age [ 7 ] (30 min)…”
MethodInfluentialAndersen, L. N., Juul‐Kristensen, B., Roessler, K. K., Herborg, L. G., Sørensen, T. L., & Søgaard, K. (2015) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2015.04.017 · Cited by 32
“HR at rest was set at 70 beats per minute and maximum HR was estimated (Tanaka et al., 2001).”
MethodTonello, L., Reichert, F. F., Silva, I. O., Rosso, S. D., Leicht, A. S., & Boullosa, D. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00405 · Cited by 35
“The set target was a workload that induced a HR of∼86% of age-predictedmaximum HR (HRmax,Tanaka et al., 2001) with the target HR and protocol determined during the familiarization session to ensure a consistent exercise response.”
MethodInfluentialEmployment Standards for Australian Urban Firefighters
Taylor, N. A. S., Fullagar, H. H. K., Sampson, J. A., Notley, S. R., Burley, S. D., Lee, D., & Groeller, H. (2015) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000000526 · Cited by 36
Ligeza, T. S., Maciejczyk, M., Wyczesany, M., & Junghöfer, M. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14137 · Cited by 32
“HRmax was calculated using the formula HRmax = 208 – (0.7 × age in years) (Tanaka et al., 2001).”
InfluentialPrognostic significance of impaired chronotropic response to pharmacologic stress Rb-82 PET
Bellam, N., Veledar, E., Dorbala, S., et al. (2014) · Journal of Nuclear Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s12350-013-9820-1 · Cited by 31
Impact of Scoliosis Severity on Functional Capacity in Patients With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Saraiva, B. M. D. A., Araújo, G. D. S., Sperandio, E. F., et al. (2017) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.2017-0080 · Cited by 31
Zanders, B. R., Currier, B. S., Harty, P. S., Zabriskie, H. A., Smith, C. S., Stecker, R. A., Richmond, S. R., Jagim, A. R., & Kerksick, C. M. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002783 · Cited by 31
“7 3 age] (33)), and V_ O2 changed less than 250 ml$min21 for 2 consecutive sampling points.”
BackgroundWinn, C. O. N., Mackintosh, K. A., Eddolls, W. T. B., Stratton, G., Wilson, A. M., McNarry, M. A., & Davies, G. A. (2019) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2019.05.009 · Cited by 33
Almeida, E. B., Santos, J. M. B., Paixão, V., do Amaral, J. B., Foster, R., Sperandio, A., Roseira, T., Rossi, M. N., Cordeiro, T., Monteiro, F. R., et al. (2020) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2020/2852181 · Cited by 31
“[31]) associated with localized resistance exercises (strength training), ranging from 50 to 60% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) test.”
BackgroundRepolarization Perturbation and Hypomagnesemia after Extreme Exercise
Scherr, J., Schuster, T., Preßler, A., Roeh, A., Christle, J. W., Wolfarth, B., & Halle, M. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318258aaf4 · Cited by 30
Consistency of the Counting Talk Test for Exercise Prescription
Loose, B. D., Christiansen, A. M., Smolczyk, J. E., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318234e84c · Cited by 31
“7age = HRmax to estimate the agepredicted maximum HR (13).”
BackgroundQuantifiable fitness tracking using wearable devices
Bajpai, A., Jilla, V., Tiwari, V. N., et al. (2015) · doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7318688 · Cited by 31
Rosso, S. D., Nakamura, F. Y., & Boullosa, D. A. (2016) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1166391 · Cited by 31
Muñoz, J. E., Gouveia, É. R., Cameirão, M. S., & Badia, S. B. I. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-5069-z · Cited by 30
“Consequently, PhysioLab computes VO 2max using two different ECG signals, during resting and exercising: Additionally, when ECG data for HR max is missing, PhysioLab approximates it through the widely accepted formula by Tanaka [48], which is an age-dependent model to compute HR max .”
MethodInfluentialSprint, G., Cook, D. J., Weeks, D. L., Dahmen, J. B., & Fleur, A. L. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17102219 · Cited by 32
Exergaming Can Be a Health-Related Aerobic Physical Activity
Polechoński, J., Dębska, M., & Dębski, P. G. (2019) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2019/1890527 · Cited by 31
Brisk Walking Speed in Older Adults Who Walk for Exercise
Parise, C. A., Sternfeld, B., Samuels, S., & Tager, I. B. (2004) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.0002-8614.2003.52114.x · Cited by 31
“There also are several methods for calculation of this measure.(20,21) In this study, the formula 220 age was used to calculate predicted maximum heart rate, but this formula has been shown to underestimate maximal heart rate in older adults;(21) therefore, the percentage of maximum heart rate achieved by this populat…”
MethodLongitudinal cardio-respiratory fitness prediction through wearables in free-living environments
Spathis, D., Perez-Pozuelo, I., Gonzales, T. I., Wu, Y., Brage, S., Wareham, N., & Mascolo, C. (2022) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00719-1 · Cited by 30
Bayer, R., & Eken, Ö. (2021) · Physical Education of Students · doi:10.15561/20755279.2021.0603 · Cited by 30
“All massage protocols started after the participants were given detailed information about the test, before the test started, the participants’ maximum heart rate was determined [35].”
BackgroundPolechoński, J., Szczechowicz, B., Ryśnik, J., & Tomik, R. (2024) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-024-00818-4 · Cited by 30
“The maximum heart rate (HR max ) was calculated for each examined person using the formula: 208–0.7 × age [22].”
MethodInfluentialCardiovascular Aging and Exercise: Implications for Heart Failure Prevention and Management
Subramanian, V., Tucker, W. J., Peters, A. E., Upadhya, B., Kitzman, D. W., & Pandey, A. (2025) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.125.325531 · Cited by 34
Kardiorespiratorische Fitness bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland
Finger, J. D., Krug, S., Gößwald, A., Härtel, S., & Bös, K. (2013) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-013-1672-y · Cited by 30
Taylor, J. D., Fletcher, J. P., Mathis, R. A., & Cade, W. T. (2014) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20140097 · Cited by 32
Lima-Borges, D. S., Martinez, P., Vanderlei, L., Barbosa, F., & Oliveira-Junior, S. A. (2018) · Physician and sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.2018.1450606 · Cited by 24
Sood, T., Roy, S., & Pathak, M. (2018) · Mathematical Biosciences · doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2018.01.008 · Cited by 30
Closing the Loop in Exergaming - Health Benefits of Biocybernetic Adaptation in Senior Adults
Muñoz, J. E., Cameirão, M. S., Badia, S. B. I., & Gouveia, É. R. (2018) · Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play · doi:10.1145/3242671.3242673 · Cited by 29
“The HRmax was computed using Tanaka’s formula [44], an age-dependent model to compute the maximum stress level of the cardiac muscle.”
MethodBaumbach, P., Neu, C., Derlien, S., Bauer, M. W., Nisser, M., Buder, A., & Coldewey, S. M. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.003 · Cited by 31
Petrella, A. F. M., Belfry, G. R., & Heath, M. D. (2019) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.02.009 · Cited by 31
Systematic Balance Exercises Influence Cortical Activation and Serum BDNF Levels in Older Adults
Kubica, J., Szymura, J., Domagalik, A., Gołda, S., Więcek, M., Fąfrowicz, M., Marek, T., & Pera, J. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8111910 · Cited by 31
Hjalmarsson, E., Fernandez‐Gonzalo, R., Lidbeck, C. M., Palmcrantz, A., Jia, A., Kvist, O., Pontén, E., & von Walden, F. (2020) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-020-03202-8 · Cited by 33
“One training session per week was recorded using a trip computer with speed sensor (Garmin Edge 25, Garmin, United States) and a chest strap (Garmin) enabling data collection of distance travelled (meters), time spent in motion with the RaceRunner (minutes) during each session, speed (meters/second), and average and m…”
MethodDetecting sleep outside the clinic using wearable heart rate devices
Perez-Pozuelo, I., Posa, M., Spathis, D., Westgate, K. L., Wareham, N. J., Mascolo, C., Brage, S., & Palotti, J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11792-7 · Cited by 30
Serum Sodium Concentration Changes Are Related to Fluid Balance and Sweat Sodium Loss
Pahnke, M. D., Trinity, J. D., Zachwieja, J. J., Stofan, J. R., Hiller, W. D. B., & Coyle, E. F. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181d6c72a · Cited by 28
Gmitter, J. P., Mangione, K. K., & Avers, D. (2009) · Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1519/00139143-200932010-00008 · Cited by 30
Age-predicted vs. measured maximal heart rate in young team sport athletes
Nikolaidis, P. (2014) · Nigerian Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/0300-1652.137192 · Cited by 32
“Our study did not confirm the findings of previous research supporting that Fox-HR max underestimates max 3,17 HR with increasing age, which should be attributed to the age of the participants in the present study.”
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults with congenital heart disease
Khan, A. M., Paridon, S. M., & Kim, Y. Y. (2014) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1586/14779072.2014.919223 · Cited by 30
“It is important to note that this formula is considered an estimate and may not be accurate in some populations [9,10].”
BackgroundGreaney, J. L., Stanhewicz, A. E., Proctor, D. N., Alexander, L. M., & Kenney, W. L. (2015) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00729.2015 · Cited by 31
Role of the monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 in the uptake of lactate during active recovery
Cupeiro, R., Pérez-Prieto, R., Amigo, T., Arias, P. G., Redondo, C., & González‐Lamuño, D. (2016) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3365-3 · Cited by 31
“Subsequent analysis revealed that this self-regulated intensity corresponded to 65–75 % of their age-predicted maximal heart rate (Tanaka et al. 2001).”
BackgroundMolgat‐Seon, Y., Ramsook, A. H., Peters, C. M., Schaeffer, M. R., Dominelli, P. B., Romer, L. M., ROAD, J. D., Guenette, J. A., & Sheel, A. W. (2018) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp277476 · Cited by 30
“On average, subjects in both groups achieved a respiratory exchange ratio of 1.10 ± 0.05 (range 1.05–1.18) and near maximum heart rates based on predicted normal values (Tanaka et al. 2001) (99 ± 8%, range 91–112%), indicating that maximal effort was exerted across groups.”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of exercise training on postmenopausal hypertension: implications on nitric oxide levels.
Khalid, T., Elnahas, N. G. M., & Ramadhan, O. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 30
Freqüência cardíaca máxima em idosas brasileiras: uma comparação entre valores medidos e previstos
Silva, V. A. P. D., Bottaro, M., Justino, M. A., Ribeiro, M. M., Lima, R. M., & Oliveira, R. J. D. (2007) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.1590/s0066-782x2007000300010 · Cited by 29
“Results: Results were as follows: 1) mean HRmax reached during GXT was 145.5 ± 12,5 beats per minute (bpm); 2) both the “220 - age” and Tanaka et al (2001) equations significantly overestimated (p < 0.001) HRmax by a mean difference of 7.4 and 15.5 bpm, respectively; 3) age was significantly (p <…”
MethodInfluentialSongsorn, P., Somnarin, K., Jaitan, S., & Kupradit, A. (2021) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2021.10.003 · Cited by 34
Rehman, R. Z. U., Chatterjee, M., Manyakov, N. V., Daans, M., Jackson, A., O’Brisky, A., Telesky, T., Smets, S., Berghmans, P.-J., Yang, D., et al. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24216826 · Cited by 36
Classifying work rate from heart rate measurements using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
Kolus, A., Imbeau, D., Dubé, P.-A., et al. (2016) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2015.12.006 · Cited by 29
Prioreschi, A., Brage, S., Westgate, K. L., Norris, S. A., & Micklesfield, L. K. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4212-0 · Cited by 28
“Heart rate (above resting values) during the step test was regressed against predicted workload and combined with recovery heart rate, resting heart rate and test duration parameters to determine the individual’s submaximal response, which was extrapolated to agepredicted maximum heart rate [10] in order to obtain an…”
MethodDedicated cardiac rehabilitation wearable sensor and its clinical potential
Lee, H., Chung, H., Ko, H., Jeong, C., Noh, S.-E., Kim, C., & Lee, J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187108 · Cited by 29
Monitoring the External and Internal Load Under 2 Teaching Methodologies
González-Espinosa, S., Medina, A. A., Molina, S. F., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002799 · Cited by 30
“Tanaka, H, Monahan, KD, and Seals, DR. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited.”
MethodInfluentialThe Case for a Commodity Hardware Solution for Stress Detection
Mishra, V., Pope, G., Lord, S., Lewia, S., Lowens, B. M., Caine, K. E., Sen, S., Halter, R. J., & Kotz, D. F. (2018) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/3267305.3267538 · Cited by 30
“Based on previous research conducted to find the maximum human heart rate [6, 20], we set our upper bound to 220 bpm.”
MethodIndividualized Relative-Intensity Physical Activity Accelerometer Cut Points
Siddique, J., Aaby, D., Montag, S. E., Sidney, S., Sternfeld, B., Welch, W. A., Carnethon, M. R., Liu, K., Craft, L. L., Gabriel, K. P., et al. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002153 · Cited by 33
“Values are presented as mean (SD) unless otherwise noted. aBased on the Tanaka formula: 208 − (0.7 age). bA total of 223 participants whose HRmax was less than 85% of their age-predicted HR are not included.”
MethodInfluentialGholami, F., Nazari, H., & Alimi, M. (2019) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.110799 · Cited by 30
van Kraaij, A., Schiavone, G., Lutin, E., Claes, S. J., & Hoof, C. A. V. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/18253 · Cited by 31
“Since the maximum HR decreases linearly with age [29], a correlation between age and HR might have been expected as well.”
BackgroundMethodLamers, C. R., de Roos, N. M., Bongers, C. C. W. G., ten Haaf, D. S. M., Hartman, Y., Witteman, B. J. M., & Hopman, M. T. E. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/00365521.2020.1845791 · Cited by 29
Corbianco, S., Cavallini, G., Dini, M., Franzoni, F., D’Avino, C., Gerini, A., & Stampacchia, G. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04954-w · Cited by 30
Aerobic Training Reduces Chronic Airway Inflammation and Mediators of Remodeling in Asthma
Moraes-Ferreira, R., Brandão-Rangel, M. A. R., Gibson-Alves, T. G., Silva-Reis, A., Souza-Palmeira, V. H., Aquino-Santos, H. C., Frison, C. R., de Oliveira, L. V. F., Albertini, R., & Vieira, R. P. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/5037553 · Cited by 34
“The training zone was based on RHR and the maximum heart rate was determined by the formula of Tanaka et al. [22].”
Effect of periodized water exercise training program on functional autonomy in elderly women.
Martínez, P. Y. O., López, J. A. H., Hernández, A. P., & Dantas, E. H. M. (2014) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2015.31.1.7857 · Cited by 29
Abt, J. P., Perlsweig, K. A., Nagai, T., Sell, T. C., Wirt, M. D., & Lephart, S. M. (2016) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-15-00036 · Cited by 29
Delextrat, A. A., Bateman, J., Esser, P., Targen, N., & Dawes, H. (2016) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2016.05.009 · Cited by 37
Yeh, T., Wu, C., Hsieh, Y., Chang, K., Lee, L.-C., Hung, J.-W., Lin, K., Teng, C.-H., & Liao, Y. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2153-7 · Cited by 29
de Poppe, D. J. V., Hulzebos, E. H. J., Takken, T., et al. (2018) · Acta cardiologica. Supplementum · doi:10.1080/00015385.2018.1478763 · Cited by 29
“7 age)) [13] and a respiratory exchange ratio (RERpeak) of >1.”
BackgroundDuration of Elevated Heart Rate Is an Important Predictor of Exercise‐Induced Troponin Elevation
Bjørkavoll-Bergseth, M. F., Kleiven, Ø., Auestad, B., Eftestøl, T. C., Oskal, K. R. J., Nygård, M., Skadberg, Ø., Aakre, K. M., Melberg, T. H., Gjesdal, K., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.014408 · Cited by 28
“The theoretical age-adjusted HR was estimated using the formula of Tanaka et al.13 The intensity/time domain was analyzed by calculating the duration of time spent above HR thresholds of 140, 150, and 160 bpm for the complete race.”
MethodUse of the Noninvasive GlucoWatch ® Biographer ® During Exercise of Varying Intensity
Nunnold, T., Colberg, S. R., Herriott, M. T., & Somma, C. T. (2004) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/1520915041705848 · Cited by 29
Bonfanti, N., Fernández, J. M., Gómez-Delgado, F., & Pérez‐Jiménez, F. (2014) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2014.29.3.7119 · Cited by 28
Strenuous exercise increases late outgrowth endothelial cells in healthy subjects
Thorell, D., Börjesson, M., Larsson, P., Ulfhammer, E., Karlsson, L., & DuttaRoy, S. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1144-0 · Cited by 28
“Subjects were instructed to aim toward a heart rate level corresponding to 80% of their predicted maximum heart rate (HRmax) deWned as 220-age (Tanaka et al. 2001).”
MethodEffects of dietary Acid load on exercise metabolism and anaerobic exercise performance.
Caciano, S. L., Inman, C. L., Gockel-Blessing, E., & Weiss, E. P. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 27
Christensen, D. L., Espino, D., Infante‐Ramírez, R., Cervantes-Borunda, M. S., Hernández‐Torres, R. P., Cisneros, A. E. R., Castillo, D., Westgate, K. L., Terzic, D., Brage, S., et al. (2017) · Extreme Physiology & Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13728-017-0057-5 · Cited by 29
Rees, J., Chang, C. R., François, M. E., Marcotte‐Chénard, A., Fontvieille, A., Klaprat, N. D., Dyck, R. A., Funk, D. R., Snydmiller, G. D., Bastell, K. M., et al. (2019) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-019-01358-x · Cited by 31
Axsom, J., Nanavati, A. P., Rutishauser, C., Bonin, J. E., Moen, J. M., & Lakatta, E. G. (2019) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-019-00126-7 · Cited by 28
Wright, S. P., Dawkins, T. G., Eves, N. D., Shave, R., Tedford, R. J., & Mak, S. S. (2020) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00720.2020 · Cited by 29
Exercise capacity in patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot aged 6 to 63 years
Eshuis, G., Hock, J., Sarvaas, G. D. M., van Duinen, H., Neidenbach, R. C., van den Heuvel, F., Hillege, H. L., Berger, R. M. F., & Hager, A. (2021) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318928 · Cited by 27
Dolezal, B. A., Boland, D. M., Carney, J., Abrazado, M., Smith, D. L., & Cooper, C. B. (2014) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459624.2014.925114 · Cited by 28
“When the participant reached ∼85% of his age-predicted maximal HR,(17) the test was terminated.”
BackgroundPogliaghi, S., Dussin, E., Tarperi, C., Cevese, A., & Schena, F. F. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0545-1 · Cited by 28
“1 and a HR [ 90% of the age-predicted maximum (Tanaka et al. 2001) were the criteria adopted for verifying a maximal effort (Howley et al.”
MethodInfluentialData Analytics of a Wearable Device for Heat Stroke Detection
Lin, S.-S., Lan, C.-W., Hsu, H.-Y., et al. (2018) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18124347 · Cited by 28
“[24], who proposed in 2001 that the maximum heart rate (HRMax) of an individual during exercise should be calculated based on the age instead of the gender.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Tanaka, H., Monahan, K. D., & Seals, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tanaka, Hirofumi
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 153-156
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2090296913
- Semantic Scholar
- 857d95626adc70db6e64da8c5fa9060489db0262
- Cited by
- 3,775
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 249 · 2025: 277 · 2024: 304 · 2023: 240 · 2022: 295 · 2021: 262 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 259 · 2018: 246 · 2017: 189 · 2016: 182 · 2015: 174 · 2014: 178 · 2013: 149 · 2012: 107
- FWCI
- 38.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG-13038, AG 00847, AG-06537, R01AG006537)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Keywords
- maximal heart rate, heart rate prediction equations, older adults, exercise prescription, exercise testing, physical stress, physical activity behavior, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
